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Anthropic·Machine Learning Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
Jul 2026

Summary

Coding screen for an MLE role at Anthropic. The problem was deceptively implementation-heavy for what sounds like a simple trace-parsing task, and the follow-up added a filtering layer that I didn't fully think through in time.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

Given a sequence of function-name samples from a profiler (one per tick), convert it into a list of events where each event captures a function name and its [start, end) time interval. Consecutive samples of the same function belong to one event; a new function starts a new event.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Sounds trivial until you're actually writing it out.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the input format and edge cases, then propose a single-pass linear scan that groups consecutive identical function names into events with start and end indices. Discuss time and space complexity, and consider whether to use half-open intervals [start, end) as specified.

Pro tip: Mention that the end time is exclusive, so the interval length is end - start, and that the last event must be closed after the loop. Also note that if samples are at regular intervals, you can convert indices to timestamps by multiplying by the sampling period.

1. Clarify requirements and edge cases

Confirm the input is a list of function names, one per tick, and that intervals are half-open [start, end). Ask about empty input, single sample, and whether timestamps are needed or just indices.

2. Design the algorithm

Use a single pass: initialize start index and current function from the first sample. Iterate from the second sample; when the function changes, emit an event for the previous function with interval [start, i), then update start and current function.

3. Handle the final event

After the loop, emit the last event with interval [start, n), where n is the number of samples. This ensures the last event is captured.

4. Analyze complexity and optimize

State that the algorithm runs in O(n) time and O(1) extra space (excluding output). Mention that output size is O(n) in the worst case (alternating functions).

5. Test with examples

Walk through a small example like ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'A'] to verify events: A [0,2), B [2,5), A [5,6). Also test edge cases: empty list, single element, all same function.

Key Points to Mention

  • Half-open interval [start, end) means end is exclusive; length = end - start.
  • Single-pass linear scan with O(n) time and O(1) auxiliary space.
  • Handling the last event after the loop to avoid missing it.
  • Edge cases: empty input, single sample, all identical, alternating functions.
  • If timestamps are needed, multiply indices by sampling interval (e.g., tick duration).
  • Output format: list of events, each with function name and start/end indices.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Follow-up: modify your solution so that only events where a function appears for at least k consecutive samples are emitted. Shorter runs should be silently discarded.

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I tried to bolt this onto my existing loop instead of stepping back and thinking about it cleanly.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, clarify the problem: you need to emit events only when a function appears in at least k consecutive samples, discarding shorter runs. Then, propose an efficient streaming algorithm that tracks the current run length for each function and emits an event when the run reaches k, handling the end of the stream appropriately.

Pro tip: Mention that you can emit the event as soon as the run length hits k, and then continue emitting for each subsequent sample in the same run, or buffer and emit at the end of the run—clarify which behavior is expected. Also, consider memory usage: if the number of functions is large, use a hash map to track run lengths.

1. Clarify requirements

Confirm what 'consecutive samples' means (e.g., in a time series or sequence) and whether the event should be emitted once when the run reaches k or for every sample in the run. Also, ask about the expected input format and whether k is fixed or variable.

2. Design state tracking

Use a hash map to store the current consecutive count for each function. Iterate through the samples, updating the count for the current function and resetting counts for others (or only update the current function and reset when a different function appears).

3. Emit events at threshold

When a function's count reaches k, emit an event. If the requirement is to emit for every sample in the run, continue emitting for each subsequent sample of the same function. If only once per run, emit only at the moment the count hits k.

4. Handle stream end and edge cases

At the end of the stream, if a run is ongoing but hasn't reached k, discard it. Also handle cases where k <= 0 (invalid) or k = 1 (emit every sample).

5. Analyze complexity and trade-offs

Discuss time complexity O(n) and space O(m) where m is the number of distinct functions. Compare with alternative approaches like buffering runs and filtering at the end, noting memory implications.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use a hash map to track consecutive counts per function for O(1) updates.
  • Reset the count for a function when a different function appears (or maintain only the current function's count).
  • Emit the event exactly when the count reaches k, and decide whether to emit for each subsequent sample in the run.
  • Handle the end of the stream: discard incomplete runs that never reached k.
  • Consider edge cases: k=1, k<=0, empty input, and functions with long runs.
  • Discuss time and space complexity, and potential memory optimizations if the number of functions is large.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.