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IBM·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Apr 2026

Summary

Interviewed at IBM for a backend engineer role and the main problem they threw at me was around removing duplicate emails from a dataset. Pretty focused technical screen, nothing too wild.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given a collection of email records, how would you identify and remove duplicates?

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

Seemed straightforward at first but I second-guessed myself on what counts as a duplicate.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying what constitutes a duplicate (e.g., exact match vs. fuzzy match) and the scale of the data. Then propose a solution using a hash-based approach for O(n) time complexity, and discuss trade-offs like memory usage and whether to preserve order or keep the first occurrence.

Pro tip: Mention that for large datasets, a distributed approach like MapReduce or using a Bloom filter for approximate deduplication can be more efficient, showing awareness of scalability beyond a single machine.

1. Clarify requirements

Ask questions to understand what defines a duplicate (e.g., exact email address, case-insensitive, or based on multiple fields) and the expected data size and memory constraints.

2. Choose data structures

Select an appropriate data structure such as a hash set or hash map to track seen emails, enabling O(1) average-time lookups.

3. Design algorithm

Iterate through the records, checking each against the set; if not seen, add to the set and keep the record; otherwise, skip it. This preserves order and keeps the first occurrence.

4. Analyze trade-offs

Discuss time and space complexity (O(n) time, O(n) space) and alternatives like sorting (O(n log n) time, O(1) extra space) or using a database with unique constraints.

5. Consider scalability

For very large datasets, propose distributed solutions like MapReduce or external sorting, and mention approximate methods like Bloom filters if exactness isn't critical.

Key Points to Mention

  • Hash-based deduplication for O(n) time complexity
  • Trade-off between time and space (e.g., sorting vs. hashing)
  • Handling case sensitivity and normalization (e.g., lowercasing emails)
  • Preserving order or keeping the first/last occurrence
  • Scalability: distributed processing (MapReduce) or external sorting for big data
  • Using database unique constraints or built-in deduplication features

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.