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Amazon·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Amazon data engineer coding round, two problems back to back. The first was a warm-up and the second is where things got interesting. Complexity discussion was expected for both.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

Given an array of words, convert each word to its Morse code representation by concatenating the Morse codes of its letters, then return the count of distinct translations across all words.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Pretty straightforward once you see it.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Use a hash map to store the Morse code for each letter, then iterate through the array, convert each word to its Morse representation, and add it to a set. Finally, return the size of the set as the count of distinct translations.

Pro tip: Clarify edge cases upfront, such as empty input or words with non-alphabetic characters, and discuss time/space complexity to demonstrate thoroughness.

1. Understand the problem

Restate the problem in your own words and confirm assumptions, such as case insensitivity and handling of non-letter characters.

2. Design the solution

Propose using a mapping from letters to Morse codes and a set to track distinct translations. Explain why a set is ideal for deduplication.

3. Analyze complexity

State that the time complexity is O(N*L) where N is the number of words and L is the average word length, and space complexity is O(N*L) for storing the set.

4. Handle edge cases

Discuss how to handle empty input, words with mixed case, and non-alphabetic characters (e.g., skip or treat as empty).

5. Test with examples

Walk through a small example, such as ['gin', 'zen'], to verify that both map to the same Morse code and count as one distinct translation.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use a hash map (dictionary) to store the Morse code for each letter.
  • Use a set to store distinct Morse translations and return its size.
  • Time complexity: O(N * L) where N is number of words and L is average word length.
  • Space complexity: O(N * L) for storing the set of translations.
  • Edge cases: empty array, empty strings, non-alphabetic characters, and case sensitivity.
  • The Morse code for each letter is fixed and can be precomputed.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Given a string and a word dictionary, return all possible sentences formed by inserting spaces into the string such that every word in the sentence exists in the dictionary. Words can be reused.

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

This is the one that got me.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the problem constraints (e.g., string length, dictionary size, expected output size) and then propose a recursive backtracking solution with memoization to avoid redundant computations. Explain how you would use a trie or hash set for efficient word lookups and analyze the time and space complexity, considering the exponential number of possible sentences.

Pro tip: Mention that the number of possible sentences can be exponential, so it's crucial to discuss output size and potential memory issues; also, consider using a trie for prefix pruning to optimize the search.

1. Clarify Requirements and Constraints

Ask about input sizes, character set, dictionary size, and whether the output order matters. Confirm that words can be reused and that we need all possible sentences.

2. Choose Data Structures

Decide between a hash set for O(1) word lookups or a trie for prefix-based pruning. Discuss trade-offs: hash set is simpler but trie can reduce unnecessary checks.

3. Design Recursive Backtracking with Memoization

Define a recursive function that builds sentences from a given index. Use memoization to cache results for each index to avoid recomputing overlapping subproblems.

4. Analyze Complexity and Optimize

Explain that time complexity is O(2^n) in the worst case due to exponential combinations, but memoization reduces redundant work. Space complexity includes recursion depth and output storage.

5. Test and Handle Edge Cases

Walk through examples, including empty string, no valid sentences, and strings with many valid combinations. Discuss handling large outputs and potential memory limits.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use of recursion/backtracking to explore all possible segmentations
  • Memoization to cache results for each starting index and avoid recomputation
  • Efficient word lookup using a hash set or trie
  • Time and space complexity analysis, highlighting exponential worst-case
  • Handling of edge cases such as empty string or no valid sentences
  • Potential optimization with prefix pruning using a trie

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.