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Google·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Senior

Senior
Apr 2026

Summary

System design round at Google for a software engineer role. One question, pretty open-ended, basically asked me to design a simplified Google Docs with sync and collaborative editing support.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design a notes application that supports real-time sync and collaborative editing, similar to a simplified version of Google Docs.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offsData Modeling
Author's notes

I went straight to the data model and storage layer, which in hindsight was the wrong move.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and scale, then outline a high-level architecture that separates real-time collaboration (WebSocket, CRDT/OT) from storage and sync. Dive into data modeling, conflict resolution, and trade-offs, and wrap up by discussing scalability, consistency, and failure handling.

Pro tip: Emphasize the trade-offs between operational transformation (OT) and conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs), and how you'd choose based on consistency needs and complexity. Also, mention how you'd handle offline editing and eventual consistency, as Google values robust distributed systems thinking.

1. Clarify Requirements and Scale

Ask questions to understand expected user count, document size, latency requirements, offline support, and consistency needs. This sets the stage for design decisions.

2. High-Level Architecture

Sketch the main components: clients, real-time sync service (WebSocket), storage layer, and conflict resolution engine. Explain how data flows between them.

3. Data Modeling and Conflict Resolution

Describe how to represent notes (e.g., as a sequence of operations or a tree) and choose a conflict resolution strategy (OT or CRDT). Discuss trade-offs.

4. Real-Time Sync and Collaboration

Detail the protocol for propagating changes, handling concurrent edits, and ensuring low latency. Mention presence and cursor tracking.

5. Scalability, Consistency, and Failure Handling

Discuss partitioning, replication, and how to handle network partitions, offline edits, and server failures. Address consistency models (strong vs eventual).

Key Points to Mention

  • Operational Transformation (OT) vs. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) for conflict resolution
  • WebSocket or similar bidirectional communication for real-time updates
  • Data model: document as a sequence of operations or a tree structure (e.g., for rich text)
  • Offline support and eventual consistency using local-first architecture
  • Scalability considerations: sharding by document ID, pub/sub for fan-out
  • Presence and cursor tracking for collaborative awareness

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.