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Capital One·Data Scientist·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
May 2026

Summary

Capital One data scientist interview with a meaty SQL problem covering revenue analysis, entry projections, and empirical averages from pass-holder visit data. The question had a lot of moving parts and edge cases baked in, which made it more interesting than your typical aggregation exercise.

Questions Asked (4)

Q1

Given a ticket sales summary and ticket type pricing, write SQL to compute total revenue and each ticket type's share of that revenue.

Product Analytics & MetricsData Modeling
Author's notes

Pretty straightforward join between the summary table and the types table, multiply units by price and then divide each row's revenue by the total.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the schema and assumptions (e.g., whether the summary table already has quantities or needs aggregation). Then write a SQL query that joins the summary to the pricing table, computes revenue per ticket type, and uses a window function to calculate each type's percentage of total revenue.

Pro tip: Mention that you'd validate the output by checking that the sum of revenue shares equals 100% and that total revenue matches a manual calculation. Also, note that you'd handle potential NULLs or missing prices with COALESCE or a LEFT JOIN to avoid silently dropping revenue.

1. Clarify schema and assumptions

Ask about the structure of the ticket sales summary (e.g., does it contain ticket_type and quantity_sold?) and the pricing table (e.g., ticket_type and price). Confirm whether quantities are pre-aggregated or need to be summed.

2. Compute revenue per ticket type

Join the sales summary to the pricing table on ticket_type, then calculate revenue as quantity_sold * price for each type. Use a CTE or subquery to keep the logic clean.

3. Calculate total revenue

Use a window function like SUM(revenue) OVER () to get the overall total revenue without collapsing the per-type rows. Alternatively, use a separate aggregation and cross join, but window functions are more efficient.

4. Compute revenue share per type

Divide each type's revenue by the total revenue and multiply by 100 to get a percentage. Use ROUND to format to two decimal places, and handle division by zero if total revenue is zero.

5. Present and validate results

Show the final query and explain how you'd validate it: check that shares sum to 100%, total revenue matches a manual sum, and consider edge cases like missing prices or zero sales.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use of window functions (SUM OVER) to compute total revenue without losing per-type detail
  • Proper handling of NULLs or missing prices (e.g., COALESCE or INNER JOIN with data quality check)
  • Rounding and formatting of percentage values (e.g., ROUND(..., 2))
  • Validation steps: sum of shares equals 100%, total revenue cross-check
  • Consideration of edge cases: zero total revenue, negative quantities (returns), or duplicate ticket types
  • Efficiency: avoid unnecessary subqueries or cross joins when window functions suffice

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Express total annual park entries as a function of an unknown variable X, where X represents the average number of entries per annual pass holder, given known per-unit entry assumptions for single-day and five-day tickets.

Product Analytics & MetricsPricing & Monetization
Author's notes

This one was more conceptual than I expected in a SQL round.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by defining the components of total annual park entries: single-day tickets, five-day tickets, and annual passes. Express each component in terms of known per-unit entry assumptions and the unknown variable X, then sum them to form the total function.

Pro tip: Clearly state your assumptions about how annual pass entries are counted (e.g., each entry counts as one regardless of pass type) and consider edge cases like multi-day tickets being used by the same person. This shows analytical rigor and prevents ambiguity.

1. Identify entry sources

List all ticket types that contribute to total annual park entries: single-day tickets, five-day tickets, and annual passes.

2. Define known per-unit entries

Assign the number of entries per unit for single-day (1 entry) and five-day (5 entries) tickets based on the given assumptions.

3. Express annual pass entries

Let X be the average number of entries per annual pass holder. Multiply X by the number of annual pass holders to get total entries from annual passes.

4. Sum components

Add the entries from single-day tickets, five-day tickets, and annual passes to form the total annual entries function.

5. Simplify and present

Combine like terms if possible and present the function clearly, ensuring all variables are defined.

Key Points to Mention

  • Define variables clearly: let S = number of single-day tickets, F = number of five-day tickets, A = number of annual passes.
  • Total entries = S * 1 + F * 5 + A * X.
  • X is the average number of entries per annual pass holder, which may be greater than 1.
  • Assumption: each entry is counted individually, regardless of ticket type.
  • Consider if annual pass entries should be counted per visit or per day; clarify with interviewer if needed.
  • The function is linear in X, with slope A and intercept S + 5F.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Using annual pass period records and a visits table, compute the average number of visits per pass holder within their active pass window. Include holders with zero qualifying visits and handle the case where a user holds multiple passes across different periods.

Data ModelingProduct Analytics & Metrics
Author's notes

This is where things got genuinely tricky.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the definitions of 'active pass window' and 'qualifying visit', then outline a SQL-based solution that joins passes to visits on holder ID and visit timestamp within the pass period, aggregates visits per pass, and finally computes the average across all pass holders including those with zero visits. Emphasize handling multiple passes per holder by treating each pass period independently and using a left join to retain zero-visit holders.

Pro tip: Explicitly state your assumptions about edge cases (e.g., overlapping passes, visits on boundary dates) and propose a validation step, such as checking for duplicate pass periods or negative visit counts, to demonstrate production-ready thinking.

1. Clarify definitions and assumptions

Define what constitutes an 'active pass window' (start/end dates inclusive?) and a 'qualifying visit' (e.g., any visit during the window, or only certain types). Confirm how to handle multiple passes per holder and overlapping periods.

2. Design the data model and join logic

Use a left join from the passes table to the visits table on holder ID and visit timestamp between pass start and end dates. This ensures pass holders with zero visits are included.

3. Aggregate visits per pass

Group by pass ID (or holder ID and pass period) and count the number of qualifying visits. For zero-visit holders, the count will be zero due to the left join.

4. Compute the average visits per pass holder

Calculate the average of the per-pass visit counts across all passes. If the metric is per holder (not per pass), first aggregate visits per holder across all their passes, then average.

5. Validate and handle edge cases

Check for overlapping passes, visits exactly on boundaries, and duplicate records. Consider whether to deduplicate visits or passes, and validate results with sanity checks (e.g., total visits, number of holders).

Key Points to Mention

  • Use of LEFT JOIN to include pass holders with zero visits
  • Handling multiple passes per holder by treating each pass period independently or aggregating per holder
  • Definition of 'active pass window' and 'qualifying visit' (inclusive/exclusive dates, visit types)
  • Aggregation logic: COUNT visits per pass, then AVG across passes
  • Edge cases: overlapping passes, visits on boundary dates, duplicate records
  • Validation steps: checking for negative counts, ensuring all holders are included, and sanity checks on averages

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q4

Substitute the empirically computed average visits per annual pass holder back into your total entries formula and calculate the final number.

Product Analytics & Metrics
Author's notes

Mechanical once you have the 2.5 from the previous part.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, recall the total entries formula you previously constructed, which likely multiplies the number of annual pass holders by the average visits per pass holder. Then, substitute the empirically computed average visits value into that formula and perform the multiplication to get the final number. Clearly state any assumptions about the number of pass holders and ensure units are consistent.

Pro tip: Always double-check that the average visits value is in the same time unit (e.g., annual) as the pass holder count, and mention that you would validate the result with a sanity check against known benchmarks or ranges.

1. Recall the total entries formula

Restate the formula you derived earlier, such as Total Entries = Number of Annual Pass Holders × Average Visits per Pass Holder.

2. Identify the empirical average visits value

State the computed average visits per annual pass holder from your analysis, ensuring it is clearly defined and sourced.

3. Substitute and calculate

Plug the average visits value into the formula and perform the multiplication to obtain the final number of total entries.

4. Sanity check and interpret

Briefly assess whether the result is reasonable given the context, and explain what the final number represents.

Key Points to Mention

  • The total entries formula and its components
  • The empirically computed average visits per annual pass holder
  • The number of annual pass holders used in the calculation
  • The arithmetic steps and final result
  • Assumptions or data sources for the average visits
  • A sanity check or validation of the final number

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.