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Agoda·Product Manager·Onsite - Product Sense / Strategy·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Interviewed for a PM role at Agoda and got hit with a classic estimation question. Pretty standard stuff but I fumbled the structure a bit.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

How many tennis balls can fit in an airplane?

Product Analytics & MetricsAdaptability & Ambiguity
Author's notes

Classic estimation case.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the assumptions: which airplane model, whether the tennis balls are packed efficiently, and if the space is fully utilized. Then break the problem into manageable parts: estimate the available volume of the airplane cabin and cargo hold, and divide by the volume of a tennis ball, adjusting for packing efficiency. Finally, present a range or a single estimate with clear reasoning, and discuss how you would validate or refine the estimate.

Pro tip: Show that you can prioritize the most impactful assumptions and communicate your thought process clearly, as product managers often need to make decisions with incomplete information. Also, relate the estimation to a product context, such as capacity planning or resource allocation, to demonstrate business acumen.

1. Clarify the question

Ask clarifying questions to define the scope: which airplane model (e.g., Boeing 737), whether we consider only the cabin or also cargo, and if the tennis balls are packed optimally. This shows you avoid making unwarranted assumptions.

2. Estimate the airplane's volume

Break the airplane into sections (cabin, cargo) and estimate the usable volume. For a typical narrow-body plane, approximate the cabin as a cylinder and subtract space for seats, aisles, and overhead bins.

3. Estimate the tennis ball volume and packing efficiency

Calculate the volume of a tennis ball using the formula for a sphere (4/3πr³) with a radius of about 3.35 cm. Then account for packing efficiency: spheres don't fill space perfectly; random packing is about 64%, while optimal packing can be up to 74%.

4. Calculate and sanity-check

Divide the airplane's usable volume by the tennis ball volume, adjust for packing efficiency, and compute the number. Sanity-check by comparing to known benchmarks (e.g., a suitcase holds about 100 tennis balls) to ensure the result is plausible.

5. Present the answer with assumptions and range

State your final estimate, clearly listing the assumptions made. Provide a range (e.g., 500,000 to 700,000) to reflect uncertainty, and suggest how you might refine the estimate with more data.

Key Points to Mention

  • Clarify assumptions: airplane type, usable space, packing method.
  • Use a structured, top-down approach: volume of plane divided by volume of ball.
  • Account for packing efficiency (spheres don't fill space completely).
  • Sanity-check with relatable benchmarks (e.g., suitcase capacity).
  • Communicate the estimate as a range and discuss potential refinements.
  • Relate the estimation to product management contexts like capacity planning or resource allocation.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.