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Google·Data Scientist·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
Jun 2026

Summary

Causal inference question for a DS role at Google, focused on a real product scenario involving Workspace Chat. Pretty technical and open-ended, the kind where you can go in a dozen directions and it's not obvious which one they want.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

The product team wants to know if a new chat notification design is actually driving more daily active users in Google Workspace Chat. How would you design a study to estimate its causal impact on engagement, and walk through your identification strategy, the data you'd need, your assumptions, and how you'd validate them?

A/B Testing & ExperimentationProduct Analytics & Metrics
Author's notes

This one sprawls fast.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Design a randomized controlled experiment (A/B test) where users are randomly assigned to either the new chat notification design or the existing design, and measure the difference in daily active users (DAU) over a sufficient period. Use causal inference techniques like difference-in-differences or switchback experiments if randomization is not feasible, and validate assumptions through pre-experiment checks and robustness tests.

Pro tip: Emphasize the importance of defining the metric precisely (e.g., DAU as any engagement with Chat) and checking for novelty effects by analyzing the treatment effect over time. Also, consider network effects and spillover, which are common in communication products like Google Workspace Chat.

1. Define the causal question and metric

Clearly specify the treatment (new notification design), control (old design), and outcome (DAU). Define DAU precisely, e.g., number of unique users who send at least one message or react to a message in a day.

2. Choose identification strategy

Prefer a randomized controlled trial (A/B test) at the user level. If randomization is not possible (e.g., due to network effects), consider cluster randomization (by team or organization) or a switchback experiment. Discuss potential biases and how the design addresses them.

3. Determine data requirements

Collect user-level data on assignment, engagement events (messages sent, reactions, etc.), timestamps, and covariates (e.g., user tenure, past activity). Ensure data quality and sufficient sample size/power.

4. State and validate assumptions

Key assumptions: random assignment, no interference (SUTVA), and parallel trends (if using DiD). Validate via pre-experiment covariate balance, placebo tests, and checking for spillover effects.

5. Analyze and interpret results

Estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) on DAU using appropriate statistical methods (e.g., t-test, regression adjustment). Check for heterogeneity, novelty effects, and long-term impact. Conduct sensitivity analyses.

Key Points to Mention

  • Randomization unit and potential interference/spillover effects in a communication product
  • Metric definition: DAU as a binary or count metric, and how to handle edge cases
  • Sample size and power calculation to detect a meaningful effect
  • Pre-experiment validation: covariate balance and placebo tests
  • Handling novelty effects and long-term engagement
  • Alternative designs if randomization is not feasible: switchback, difference-in-differences, synthetic control

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.