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Openai·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
Jul 2026

Summary

OpenAI SWE technical screen involving a PyTorch debugging and implementation problem. The problem was meaty enough that it felt more like a take-home compressed into a live session.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

You're given a broken miniGPT implementation in PyTorch. Find and fix the bugs in the forward pass, attention mechanism, causal masking, positional embeddings, logits computation, and decoding logic so the model generates correct text.

Root Cause AnalysisTechnical Trade-offsAlgorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

This was the bulk of the session.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by understanding the expected behavior of each component (forward pass, attention, masking, positional embeddings, logits, decoding) and then systematically debug each one using small test cases and shape checks. Prioritize bugs that cause incorrect generation (e.g., causal masking, positional embeddings) and validate fixes with a simple sequence generation task.

Pro tip: Use unit tests for each component with known inputs and outputs to isolate bugs quickly, and always check tensor shapes and dtypes as they often reveal subtle issues.

1. Understand the architecture and expected behavior

Review the miniGPT code to identify each component and its intended function. Write down the expected input/output shapes and values for a simple example.

2. Debug the forward pass and attention mechanism

Check the forward pass for correct tensor operations and shapes. Verify attention scores are computed correctly (QK^T / sqrt(d_k)) and softmax is applied over the correct dimension.

3. Fix causal masking and positional embeddings

Ensure the causal mask is applied before softmax to prevent attending to future tokens. Verify positional embeddings are added correctly and not swapped or misaligned.

4. Correct logits computation and decoding logic

Check that logits are computed from the final hidden states (often via a linear layer) and that decoding uses the correct strategy (e.g., greedy, top-k) with proper handling of sequence generation.

5. Validate with end-to-end generation

After fixing individual components, run a simple generation task (e.g., predict next character in a sequence) to ensure the model produces coherent output. Compare with a known correct implementation if possible.

Key Points to Mention

  • Causal masking must be applied before softmax to prevent information leakage from future tokens.
  • Positional embeddings should be added to token embeddings and must match the sequence length and dimension.
  • Attention scores should be scaled by 1/sqrt(d_k) to stabilize gradients.
  • Logits are typically computed by projecting the final hidden state to vocabulary size, and softmax is applied over the last dimension.
  • Decoding logic must handle autoregressive generation, often using greedy or sampling methods, and should avoid using future tokens.
  • Common bugs include incorrect tensor shapes, wrong dimensions in softmax, and off-by-one errors in masking or positional indices.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

As a follow-up, implement a KV cache for autoregressive decoding. Keys and values should be cached per layer, new tokens should only compute K/V for themselves, and the output must match the non-cached version under the same seed.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offsAlgorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

The shape management here is where I fumbled.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by explaining the inefficiency of recomputing keys and values for all previous tokens at each decoding step, then describe how to cache K/V per layer and only compute for the new token. Emphasize that the cached and non-cached outputs must match exactly under the same seed, and outline how you would verify this.

Pro tip: Mention that the KV cache trades memory for speed, and discuss how to handle memory growth for long sequences (e.g., sliding window or paging). Also, note that numerical differences can arise from different computation orders, so use deterministic operations and compare with a tight tolerance.

1. Explain the problem and baseline

Describe autoregressive decoding and why recomputing K/V for all tokens at each step is wasteful. State the goal: cache K/V per layer to avoid redundant computation.

2. Design the cache structure

Propose a per-layer cache (e.g., a list of tensors or a dictionary keyed by layer index) that stores keys and values for all past tokens. Mention that the cache grows with sequence length.

3. Modify the forward pass

For each layer, compute K and V only for the new token, then concatenate them with the cached K/V. Use the full K/V for attention. Update the cache with the new K/V.

4. Ensure output equivalence

Under the same seed, the cached and non-cached versions must produce identical outputs. Use deterministic operations and compare logits or generated tokens with a small tolerance.

5. Discuss trade-offs and optimizations

Mention memory vs. speed trade-off, and potential optimizations like cache eviction, quantization, or paged attention for long sequences.

Key Points to Mention

  • Per-layer caching of keys and values
  • Only compute K/V for the new token at each step
  • Concatenate new K/V with cached K/V for attention
  • Output equivalence under same seed (deterministic ops, tolerance)
  • Memory growth and trade-offs (speed vs. memory)
  • Potential optimizations: sliding window, paged attention, quantization

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.