← Google Interview Insights

Google·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Google coding interview for a software engineer role. One question, pretty algorithmic, the kind where you think you have it figured out and then realize there's a subtlety you almost missed.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given a list of strings, group together any strings that share the same character-shift pattern. Two strings match if the differences between consecutive characters (mod 26) are identical across all positions.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

I got the basic idea pretty fast.

Create a free account to read the full note

AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the problem and edge cases, then propose using a hash map where the key is the shift pattern (e.g., a tuple of differences mod 26) and the value is a list of strings. Discuss time and space complexity, and consider optimizations like using a string representation of the pattern.

Pro tip: Mention that you can avoid modulo operations by using a fixed-size array or string for the pattern, and highlight that the pattern is invariant to the starting character, which is key to grouping.

1. Understand the problem

Restate the problem in your own words and confirm details: strings match if the differences between consecutive characters modulo 26 are identical. Ask about edge cases like empty strings, single-character strings, and non-lowercase letters.

2. Design the algorithm

Propose using a hash map to group strings by their shift pattern. For each string, compute the pattern as a tuple of differences (mod 26) between consecutive characters, and use it as the key.

3. Analyze complexity

State that the time complexity is O(N * L) where N is the number of strings and L is the average length, and space complexity is O(N * L) for storing the patterns and groups.

4. Handle edge cases

Discuss how to handle empty strings (pattern is empty tuple), single-character strings (pattern is empty tuple, so all single-character strings group together), and ensure modulo arithmetic works for all characters.

5. Optimize and discuss alternatives

Mention potential optimizations like using a string representation of the pattern to avoid tuple overhead, or using a rolling hash. Also, consider if the input is large and if streaming is possible.

Key Points to Mention

  • Modulo 26 arithmetic to handle wrap-around (e.g., 'z' to 'a' difference is 1).
  • Using a hash map with the shift pattern as key and list of strings as value.
  • Time complexity O(N * L) and space complexity O(N * L).
  • Edge cases: empty strings, single-character strings, and strings of different lengths.
  • Pattern representation: tuple of integers or string of characters.
  • Invariance: the pattern is independent of the starting character, so strings with the same pattern are grouped regardless of their actual characters.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.