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Amazon·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Senior

Senior
Apr 2026

Summary

Amazon system design round, just one question but it went pretty deep. MoE routing is not something I had studied closely and it showed.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Explain how the router in a Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture works.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I knew the surface level stuff, like experts are subnetworks and only some get activated per input.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by defining the router's role as a learned gating function that assigns each input token to a subset of experts. Then explain the routing mechanism (e.g., top-k gating with softmax) and discuss trade-offs like load balancing and capacity factor. Finally, connect it to system design considerations such as scalability and efficiency.

Pro tip: Emphasize that the router is trained jointly with experts and that its design directly impacts model quality and serving cost—showing you understand the end-to-end implications beyond just the algorithm.

1. Define the router's purpose

Explain that the router is a learned gating network that decides which experts process each input token, enabling conditional computation.

2. Describe the routing mechanism

Detail how the router computes logits, applies softmax, and selects top-k experts (typically k=1 or 2) per token, often with a noisy top-k gating for exploration.

3. Discuss training and load balancing

Mention that the router is trained end-to-end with a load balancing loss to prevent expert underutilization and ensure even token distribution.

4. Cover system-level trade-offs

Talk about capacity factor, token dropping, communication overhead in distributed settings, and how routing affects latency and throughput.

5. Connect to Amazon context

Relate to scalability, cost-efficiency, and fault tolerance in large-scale systems, highlighting why MoE is attractive for serving massive models.

Key Points to Mention

  • Top-k gating with softmax and optional noise for exploration
  • Load balancing loss to avoid expert collapse
  • Capacity factor and token dropping to handle variable load
  • Sparse activation and conditional computation for efficiency
  • Distributed training challenges: all-to-all communication and expert parallelism
  • Trade-offs between model quality, latency, and serving cost

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.