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Citadel·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Senior

SeniorPrefer not to say
Jun 2026

Summary

Citadel software engineer interview that went deep on systems and concurrency pretty fast. The round was focused on a single design problem but it branched out into a lot of follow-ups I wasn't fully ready for.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design a round-robin task scheduler that supports adding and removing tasks at runtime, returns the next task on each tick, and guarantees no task is starved. Discuss your data structure choices, thread-safety considerations, and the time complexity of each operation.

System DesignAlgorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

Started with a deque and felt pretty good about it until the thread-safety part came up.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and constraints, then propose a circular linked list with a hash map for O(1) add/remove and O(1) next-task retrieval. Discuss thread-safety using fine-grained locks or lock-free techniques, and analyze time/space complexity for each operation.

Pro tip: Mention that a simple circular linked list can starve tasks if tasks are added/removed frequently; propose a solution like maintaining a separate queue for new tasks or using a timestamp-based fairness mechanism to ensure no starvation.

1. Clarify Requirements

Ask about expected load, task priorities, fairness guarantees, and concurrency requirements to tailor the design.

2. Choose Data Structures

Propose a circular linked list for round-robin order and a hash map for O(1) task lookup and removal.

3. Address Thread Safety

Discuss locking strategies (e.g., fine-grained locks per task or a global lock) or lock-free approaches using atomic operations.

4. Analyze Complexity

State time complexity for add, remove, and next operations (all O(1) with proposed structures) and space complexity O(n).

5. Discuss Starvation and Edge Cases

Explain how the design prevents starvation, handle empty scheduler, and consider dynamic task addition/removal.

Key Points to Mention

  • Circular linked list for round-robin traversal
  • Hash map for O(1) task lookup and removal
  • Thread-safety via locks or lock-free data structures
  • Time complexity: O(1) for add, remove, and next
  • Starvation prevention: ensure every task gets a turn, possibly with a separate queue for new tasks
  • Scalability considerations for high concurrency

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.