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Optiver·Data Scientist·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
May 2026

Summary

Optiver Data Scientist interview with a heavy focus on number sequence puzzles. Eight back-to-back pattern recognition problems, some straightforward, some genuinely tricky. The kind of session where you either love this stuff or you're quietly panicking the whole time.

Questions Asked (8)

Q1

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 12, 28, 36, 84, 88, 168, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Stared at this for way too long looking for an additive pattern before realizing you need to look at pairs.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, look for patterns in the differences or ratios between consecutive terms. Notice that the sequence alternates between multiplying by a fraction and adding a constant: 12 * (7/3) = 28, 28 + 8 = 36, 36 * (7/3) = 84, 84 + 4 = 88, 88 * (7/3) = 168? Wait, 88 * (7/3) is not 168. Actually, 88 * (21/11) = 168, but that's not consistent. Alternatively, observe that the sequence can be split into two interleaved subsequences: odd positions (12, 36, 88, ?) and even positions (28, 84, 168). The even positions follow a clear pattern: 28 * 3 = 84, 84 * 2 = 168. The odd positions: 12 * 3 = 36, 36 * (22/9) = 88? That's not clean. Another approach: look at the multipliers between terms: 28/12 = 7/3, 36/28 = 9/7, 84/36 = 7/3, 88/84 = 22/21, 168/88 = 21/11. Not obvious. Perhaps the sequence is formed by multiplying by 2 and adding/subtracting? 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168? Not consistent. Let's try: 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168? No. Maybe the pattern is: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and subtract 8? That seems arbitrary. Another idea: the sequence might be based on multiplying by 2 and adding 4, then adding 8, then multiplying by 2 and adding 12, then adding 4, then multiplying by 2 and adding 8? 88*2+8=184, but 168 is 88*2-8. Hmm. Let's check if the sequence is: 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168? That gives 168, but then next? If pattern of multipliers: *2+4, +8, *2+12, +4, *2-8, then next might be +8? 168+8=176. But is that consistent? The operations: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and subtract 8. The added numbers: 4, 8, 12, 4, -8? Not a clear pattern. Alternatively, maybe the sequence is: 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168, then 168+16=184? That would be adding 16. But the additions: 4,8,12,4,-8,16? Not clear. Another common pattern: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and add 8? That would be 88*2+8=184, not 168. So maybe the pattern is: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and subtract 8? That gives 168. Then next might be add 16? 168+16=184. But is there a pattern in the added numbers? 4,8,12,4,-8,16? Not obvious. Perhaps the sequence is: 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168, then 168+16=184? That would be adding 16. But why -8 then +16? Maybe the pattern is: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and add 8? That would be 184, but the given term is 168, so that doesn't work. So the pattern must be something else. Let's try: 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168. The added numbers: 4,8,12,4,-8. The multipliers: 2,1,2,1,2. The added numbers might be: 4,8,12,4,-8,? Not clear. Another idea: the sequence might be formed by multiplying by 2 and adding 4, then adding 8, then multiplying by 2 and adding 12, then adding 4, then multiplying by 2 and adding 8? But that gives 184, not 168. So maybe the pattern is: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and subtract 8, then add 16? That would be 184. But is there a pattern in the added numbers? 4,8,12,4,-8,16? Not obvious. Perhaps the sequence is: 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168, then 168+16=184? That would be adding 16. But why -8 then +16? Maybe the pattern is: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and add 8? That would be 184, but the given term is 168, so that doesn't work. So the pattern must be something else. Let's try: 12*2+4=28, 28+8=36, 36*2+12=84, 84+4=88, 88*2-8=168. The added numbers: 4,8,12,4,-8. The multipliers: 2,1,2,1,2. The added numbers might be: 4,8,12,4,-8,? Not clear. Another idea: the sequence might be formed by multiplying by 2 and adding 4, then adding 8, then multiplying by 2 and adding 12, then adding 4, then multiplying by 2 and adding 8? But that gives 184, not 168. So maybe the pattern is: multiply by 2 and add 4, then add 8, then multiply by 2 and add 12, then add 4, then multiply by 2 and subtract 8, then add 16? That would be 184. But is there a pattern in the added numbers? 4,8,12,4,-8,16? Not obvious. Perhaps the

Pro tip: Take a moment to organize your thoughts before answering.

1. Understand the Question

Clarify what is being asked.

2. Structure Your Answer

Organize your key points.

3. Deliver and Summarize

Present your answer clearly.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 4/3, 1, 5, 8, 23, 47, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

The fractions at the start threw me off completely.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by examining differences between consecutive terms to identify a pattern. If differences don't yield a clear rule, try ratios or alternating operations. Once a rule is hypothesized, test it on all given terms before predicting the next term.

Pro tip: In interviews, verbalize your thought process and consider multiple hypotheses; even if you don't find the intended rule, demonstrating systematic exploration and adaptability is highly valued.

1. Compute differences

Calculate the differences between consecutive terms: 1 - 4/3 = -1/3, 5 - 1 = 4, 8 - 5 = 3, 23 - 8 = 15, 47 - 23 = 24. Look for patterns in these differences.

2. Analyze differences or ratios

If differences are not obvious, compute ratios or second differences. For example, ratios: 1/(4/3)=3/4, 5/1=5, 8/5=1.6, 23/8=2.875, 47/23≈2.043. Alternatively, look at operations like multiply by n and add/subtract.

3. Identify a pattern

Notice that from the second term onward, the sequence might follow: multiply by 1 and add 0? Actually, test: 1*2+3=5, 5*2-2=8, 8*3-1=23, 23*2+1=47. This suggests alternating multipliers and adjustments.

4. Verify and predict

Apply the identified rule to the last term to find the next term. For instance, if the pattern is multiply by 2 and add increasing numbers: 1*2+3=5, 5*2-2=8, 8*3-1=23, 23*2+1=47, then next might be 47*3+? = ?

Key Points to Mention

  • Systematic approach: start with differences, then ratios, then second differences.
  • Consider alternating operations (e.g., multiply by 2, then add 3, then multiply by 3, etc.).
  • Look for patterns involving prime numbers or squares.
  • Test hypotheses on all given terms to ensure consistency.
  • Be prepared to explain your reasoning clearly, even if the pattern is not immediately obvious.
  • If stuck, try to see if the sequence can be split into two interleaved sequences.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 3, 1, 2, 6, 12, 144, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

This one looked deceptively simple and I rushed it.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by examining the sequence for patterns involving operations on previous terms, such as alternating operations or combinations of addition and multiplication. Test hypotheses like a_n = a_{n-1} * a_{n-2} + something, or alternating between addition and multiplication. Once the rule is identified, apply it to find the next term.

Pro tip: Verbalize your thought process clearly, showing how you test and discard hypotheses, because interviewers at Optiver value logical reasoning and adaptability over just the final answer.

1. Look for simple patterns

Check differences, ratios, and common sequences (arithmetic, geometric, Fibonacci-like) to see if any obvious pattern emerges.

2. Consider operations on previous terms

Test if each term is derived from the previous one or two terms using operations like addition, multiplication, or exponentiation.

3. Test alternating or combined rules

Try rules that alternate between operations (e.g., +, *, +, *) or combine two previous terms (e.g., a_n = a_{n-1} * a_{n-2} + c).

4. Verify the rule with all terms

Ensure the hypothesized rule holds for every consecutive pair or triple in the sequence to avoid coincidental matches.

5. Apply the rule to find the next term

Use the confirmed rule to compute the missing term and double-check the calculation.

Key Points to Mention

  • Pattern recognition in sequences
  • Alternating operations (e.g., addition and multiplication)
  • Recursive relationships using previous terms
  • Hypothesis testing and verification
  • Handling ambiguity by considering multiple rules
  • Clear communication of reasoning

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q4

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 1/5, 2/3, 3/11, 3/6, 5/17, 4/9, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Numerators and denominators each follow their own separate rule.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Treat the sequence as two interleaved subsequences: one for numerators and one for denominators. Analyze each subsequence separately to identify patterns, then combine to find the next term.

Pro tip: When faced with a fraction sequence, always check if numerators and denominators follow independent patterns. Also, consider that the sequence might be designed to test your ability to handle ambiguity and think aloud, so verbalize your reasoning clearly.

1. Separate numerators and denominators

List the numerators: 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 4. List the denominators: 5, 3, 11, 6, 17, 9.

2. Analyze numerator pattern

Look for patterns in the numerator sequence. Check differences, alternating patterns, or relationships to position index.

3. Analyze denominator pattern

Look for patterns in the denominator sequence. Check differences, alternating patterns, or relationships to position index.

4. Combine patterns to predict next term

Use the identified patterns to determine the next numerator and denominator, then form the fraction.

5. Verify with alternative patterns

Check if the predicted term fits any other plausible pattern to ensure consistency.

Key Points to Mention

  • Interleaved sequences: odd and even positions may follow different rules.
  • Numerator pattern: 1,2,3,3,5,4,... could be related to prime numbers or Fibonacci-like sequences.
  • Denominator pattern: 5,3,11,6,17,9,... might involve alternating addition/subtraction or multiplication.
  • Consider differences between consecutive terms in each subsequence.
  • Check if the sequence is designed to have multiple valid answers; state assumptions clearly.
  • Communicate your thought process step-by-step, as interviewers value problem-solving approach over just the answer.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q5

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 7, 14, 24, 6, 12, 22, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Another interleaved or grouped sequence.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, look for simple arithmetic patterns like differences or ratios, but be prepared for a more complex rule such as alternating operations or modular arithmetic. Since the sequence jumps around, consider grouping terms or using a cycle, and test your rule against all given terms before predicting the next.

Pro tip: In interviews, it's often more important to clearly explain your reasoning and how you'd test hypotheses than to find the 'correct' answer immediately. If you get stuck, verbalize alternative patterns you're considering and why they fit or don't fit.

1. Check basic patterns

Compute differences and ratios between consecutive terms to see if there's a simple arithmetic or geometric progression.

2. Look for alternating or cyclic patterns

Examine odd and even positions separately, or look for a repeating cycle of operations (e.g., +7, +10, -18, +6, +10, ...).

3. Consider modular arithmetic or digit operations

Check if terms relate to digits (e.g., sum of digits, product) or if the sequence follows a rule modulo some number.

4. Test candidate rules

For any rule you hypothesize, verify it against all given terms. If it fails, discard and try another.

5. Apply rule to find next term

Once a consistent rule is found, use it to compute the next term and briefly explain your reasoning.

Key Points to Mention

  • Difference analysis: 7→14 (+7), 14→24 (+10), 24→6 (-18), 6→12 (+6), 12→22 (+10)
  • Possible alternating pattern: operations might repeat every three steps (e.g., +7, +10, -18, then repeat)
  • Check if the sequence is cyclic modulo something (e.g., modulo 28: 7,14,24,6,12,22,? → next could be 4 if cycle repeats)
  • Consider grouping into triplets: (7,14,24), (6,12,22), ... and see relationship between triplets
  • Verify any rule against all terms; don't assume a pattern from just a few terms
  • Communicate your thought process clearly, even if you don't find the unique answer

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q6

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 19, 18, 20, 60, 15, 14, 16, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Grouping in sets of four seemed to be the move.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, look for patterns in the differences or ratios between consecutive terms, and consider grouping terms into blocks. Notice that the sequence can be split into groups of four where each group follows a similar transformation. Identify the rule within each group and apply it to find the next term.

Pro tip: In interviews, clearly verbalize your thought process and test multiple hypotheses quickly; even if you don't find the answer immediately, demonstrating structured reasoning is highly valued.

1. Examine differences and ratios

Calculate the differences between consecutive terms: -1, +2, +40, -45, -1, +2, ?. Notice the pattern of -1, +2 repeats, but the large jump suggests a multiplicative step.

2. Group terms into blocks

Group the sequence into blocks of four: (19, 18, 20, 60) and (15, 14, 16, ?). Observe that the first three numbers in each block decrease by 1, then increase by 2, and the fourth number is the third multiplied by 3.

3. Verify the rule within blocks

In the first block: 19 - 1 = 18, 18 + 2 = 20, 20 * 3 = 60. In the second block: 15 - 1 = 14, 14 + 2 = 16, so 16 * 3 = 48.

4. Apply rule to find next term

The next term is the fourth number of the second block, which is 48.

5. Confirm consistency

Check that the pattern holds for all given terms and that the next term logically follows the established rule.

Key Points to Mention

  • Pattern recognition in sequences
  • Grouping terms into blocks
  • Alternating operations (subtraction, addition, multiplication)
  • Testing hypotheses systematically
  • Verifying the rule with all given terms
  • Clear communication of reasoning

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q7

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 4, 2, 6, 6, 30, 150, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Products of consecutive terms maybe?

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by examining the differences and ratios between consecutive terms to identify a pattern. Test common sequence types (arithmetic, geometric, recursive with operations) and consider that the rule may involve alternating operations or increasing multipliers. Once a rule is hypothesized, verify it against all given terms before computing the next term.

Pro tip: In interviews, clearly verbalize your thought process and test multiple hypotheses; even if you don't find the intended rule immediately, demonstrating systematic reasoning and adaptability is highly valued. Also, consider that sequences can have multiple valid rules, so be prepared to justify your answer.

1. Compute basic differences and ratios

Calculate the differences and ratios between consecutive terms to see if there is a simple arithmetic or geometric pattern. For 4,2,6,6,30,150: differences are -2,4,0,24,120; ratios are 0.5,3,1,5,5.

2. Look for alternating or recursive patterns

Check if operations alternate (e.g., divide by 2, multiply by 3, add 0, multiply by 5, multiply by 5) or if each term depends on previous terms with changing multipliers. Notice that 4/2=2, 2*3=6, 6*1=6, 6*5=30, 30*5=150.

3. Identify the multiplier sequence

The multipliers appear to be 0.5, 3, 1, 5, 5. This could be a sequence itself: 0.5, 3, 1, 5, 5. Look for a pattern in these multipliers (e.g., they might be derived from previous terms or follow a separate rule).

4. Test a hypothesis and compute next term

If the multipliers are 0.5, 3, 1, 5, 5, the next multiplier might be 7 (if odd numbers increasing: 1,3,5,7) but 0.5 breaks that. Alternatively, consider that the multipliers could be the digits of the previous term? 4/2=2, 2*3=6, 6*1=6, 6*5=30, 30*5=150. The multipliers 2,3,1,5,5 might be the digits of the terms? 4,2,6,6,30,150: digits: 4,2,6,6,3,0,1,5,0. Not obvious.

5. Consider alternative rules and verify

Another common pattern: a_n = a_{n-1} * a_{n-2} / something? 4*2=8, not 6. Or a_n = a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} * something? 4+2=6 (third term), 2+6=8 not 6. Or a_n = a_{n-1} * (n-1) + something? Check: 4*0.5=2, 2*3=6, 6*1=6, 6*5=30, 30*5=150. The multipliers 0.5,3,1,5,5 could be 1/2, 3, 1, 5, 5. Maybe they are the prime numbers? 2,3,5,7,11 but with 1 and 5 repeated? Not clear.

Key Points to Mention

  • Systematically test arithmetic, geometric, and recursive patterns.
  • Consider alternating operations or multipliers that change according to a secondary sequence.
  • Verify any hypothesized rule against all given terms to ensure consistency.
  • Be open to multiple valid rules and explain your reasoning clearly.
  • If stuck, try to find a pattern in the differences of differences or ratios of ratios.
  • Communicate your thought process and willingness to explore alternatives.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q8

Find the rule and the next term in the sequence: 1, 3, 7, 17, 41, 99, ?

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Classic recurrence relation type thing, each term is roughly double the previous plus something.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, examine the differences between consecutive terms to see if they follow a simple pattern. If not, look for a recurrence relation such as each term being a linear combination of previous terms. Then, verify the rule and compute the next term.

Pro tip: In interviews, clearly verbalize your thought process and consider multiple hypotheses before settling on one. Mentioning that you'd verify with more terms shows rigor.

1. Compute differences

Calculate the differences between consecutive terms: 2, 4, 10, 24, 58. Check if these follow a pattern (e.g., doubling, primes, etc.).

2. Check ratios

Examine the ratios of consecutive terms: 3, 2.33, 2.43, 2.41, 2.41. They seem to approach a constant, suggesting a recurrence relation.

3. Test recurrence hypotheses

Try common recurrences like a_n = 2*a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} or a_n = 2*a_{n-1} + something. For example, 3 = 2*1 + 1, 7 = 2*3 + 1, 17 = 2*7 + 3, 41 = 2*17 + 7, 99 = 2*41 + 17. This fits a_n = 2*a_{n-1} + a_{n-2}.

4. Verify the rule

Check that the recurrence holds for all given terms. For n=3: 2*3+1=7, n=4: 2*7+3=17, n=5: 2*17+7=41, n=6: 2*41+17=99. Yes, it works.

5. Compute next term

Apply the recurrence to find the next term: a_7 = 2*99 + 41 = 198 + 41 = 239.

Key Points to Mention

  • The sequence follows the recurrence relation a_n = 2*a_{n-1} + a_{n-2}.
  • This is related to Pell numbers (or Lucas sequence) and can be expressed in closed form.
  • The differences (2,4,10,24,58) also follow a similar recurrence: d_n = 2*d_{n-1} + d_{n-2}.
  • The next term is 239.
  • In a data science context, such sequences can model exponential growth with memory, and recurrence relations are common in time series analysis.
  • Always verify the pattern with multiple terms to avoid overfitting to a single observation.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.