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Virtu Financial·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jul 2026

Summary

Coding round at Virtu Financial for a software engineer position. One question, bracket validation, pretty standard stuff but the details matter more than you'd think.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given an array of strings where each string consists only of bracket characters like '(', '[', '{', ')', ']', '}', determine whether each string is valid.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Classic stack problem.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Use a stack to track opening brackets. Iterate through each character: push opening brackets, and for closing brackets, check if the stack top matches the corresponding opening bracket; if not, return false. At the end, the stack must be empty for the string to be valid.

Pro tip: Clarify edge cases upfront, such as empty strings or strings with only opening brackets, and mention that the solution runs in O(n) time and O(n) space. This shows attention to detail and efficiency.

1. Understand the problem

Restate the problem: determine if each string has balanced brackets with correct nesting and matching types. Confirm input format and expected output.

2. Choose data structure

Select a stack to keep track of opening brackets. Explain that a stack follows LIFO order, which naturally handles nested brackets.

3. Define matching logic

Create a mapping of closing brackets to their corresponding opening brackets. For each closing bracket, check if it matches the top of the stack.

4. Iterate and validate

Traverse the string: push opening brackets, and for closing brackets, pop and compare. If mismatch or empty stack, return false.

5. Final check and complexity

After traversal, ensure the stack is empty. State time complexity O(n) and space complexity O(n) in the worst case.

Key Points to Mention

  • Stack data structure and its LIFO property
  • Mapping of closing brackets to opening brackets
  • Handling of mismatched brackets and early termination
  • Edge cases: empty string, single bracket, only opening brackets
  • Time and space complexity analysis
  • Potential follow-up: handling multiple strings efficiently

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.