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stubhub·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Senior

SeniorPrefer not to say
Jun 2026

Summary

StubHub system design round, one massive question that took the whole session. The scope was genuinely intimidating and I don't think I covered even half of it cleanly.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design a large-scale event notification system that handles at least 1 million concurrent events and sends emails to all registered participants. Cover the core APIs, architecture, data model, email delivery pipeline, capacity estimates, scheduling, rate limiting, failure handling, observability, compliance, multi-region availability, and cost. Also walk through a concrete failure scenario.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offsAPI & Integrations
Author's notes

This question is a beast.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and scale, then present a high-level architecture with core APIs and data model. Dive into the email delivery pipeline, covering capacity, scheduling, rate limiting, failure handling, observability, compliance, multi-region, and cost, and finish with a concrete failure scenario.

Pro tip: Emphasize idempotency and exactly-once semantics for email delivery, and discuss how to handle partial failures gracefully with retries and dead-letter queues. Also, mention the importance of monitoring and alerting on delivery rates and latency to quickly detect issues.

1. Clarify Requirements and Scale

Ask questions to understand the event types, participant volume, email content, latency requirements, and compliance needs. Confirm the 1 million concurrent events and email delivery expectations.

2. High-Level Architecture and APIs

Outline the core components: event ingestion API, message queue, email service, and data stores. Define key APIs for event creation and participant registration.

3. Data Model and Email Pipeline

Describe the data model for events, participants, and email jobs. Explain the email delivery pipeline: queuing, batching, rate limiting, and integration with email providers.

4. Scalability, Reliability, and Compliance

Discuss capacity estimates, scheduling, rate limiting, failure handling (retries, DLQ), observability (metrics, logging), compliance (GDPR, CAN-SPAM), multi-region availability, and cost optimization.

5. Failure Scenario Walkthrough

Choose a concrete failure (e.g., email provider outage) and explain detection, mitigation, and recovery steps, including fallback providers and retry strategies.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use of message queues (e.g., Kafka, SQS) for decoupling and handling spikes
  • Idempotency and deduplication to prevent duplicate emails
  • Rate limiting and throttling to respect email provider limits
  • Retry mechanisms with exponential backoff and dead-letter queues
  • Observability: metrics (delivery rate, latency), logging, and alerting
  • Compliance: GDPR, CAN-SPAM, unsubscribe handling, and data retention

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.