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Anthropic·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
May 2026

Summary

Coding round for a Software Engineer role at Anthropic. Just one question on file deduplication, nothing else to report.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design or implement a file deduplication system.

Algorithms & Data StructuresSystem Design
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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements (scale, file types, exact vs. near-duplicate, storage constraints) and then present a layered design: content-defined chunking with strong hashing for exact dedup, plus optional similarity hashing for near-duplicates. Discuss trade-offs between chunk size, hash collision risk, and metadata storage, and outline a scalable architecture with a metadata index and object store.

Pro tip: Emphasize the importance of measuring deduplication ratio and system overhead in production, and mention that you would start with a simple exact-match solution before adding complexity like similarity detection.

1. Clarify Requirements and Constraints

Ask about scale (number of files, total size), file types, whether near-duplicates matter, latency/throughput needs, and storage budget. This ensures the design targets the right problem.

2. Choose Deduplication Strategy

Decide between whole-file hashing (simple, fast) and chunk-level deduplication (better ratio, more complex). For chunking, consider fixed-size vs. content-defined chunking (e.g., Rabin fingerprinting) to handle insertions/deletions.

3. Design Metadata and Storage

Outline a metadata store (e.g., key-value store) mapping chunk hashes to storage locations, and an object store for unique chunks. Discuss indexing for fast lookups and garbage collection for orphaned chunks.

4. Address Scalability and Reliability

Explain how to distribute the system (e.g., sharding by hash), ensure fault tolerance (replication), and handle hash collisions (e.g., byte-wise comparison on collision).

5. Discuss Trade-offs and Optimizations

Compare approaches: whole-file vs. chunk-level, fixed vs. variable chunking, and exact vs. near-duplicate detection. Mention performance metrics like dedup ratio, throughput, and storage overhead.

Key Points to Mention

  • Content-defined chunking (e.g., Rabin fingerprinting) for robust deduplication across file edits
  • Cryptographic hashing (SHA-256) for exact duplicate detection and collision handling
  • Metadata indexing and storage architecture (e.g., using a distributed key-value store like RocksDB or Cassandra)
  • Trade-offs between chunk size and deduplication ratio, and between exact and near-duplicate detection
  • Scalability considerations: sharding, replication, and garbage collection
  • Optional: similarity hashing (e.g., MinHash, SimHash) for near-duplicate detection

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.