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Capital One·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Capital One SWE interview with a mix of string manipulation, grid pathfinding, and a sliding window problem. The questions ranged from straightforward to genuinely tricky, and the grid one in particular had a lot of moving pieces to keep track of.

Questions Asked (3)

Q1

Given two equal-length strings s1 and s2, build a new string by iterating through each index i: always append s1[i], then if s1[i] equals s2[n-1-i] append that character again, otherwise append s2[n-1-i]. Return the resulting string.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Took me a minute to parse the comparison logic since you're comparing against the mirrored index in s2, not the same index.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, clarify the problem by restating it and confirming edge cases like empty strings or case sensitivity. Then, walk through a concrete example to demonstrate the logic, and finally write clean code with clear variable names, explaining each step as you go.

Pro tip: Mention that you would verify the solution with a few test cases, including edge cases, and discuss the time and space complexity upfront to show you think about efficiency.

1. Understand and clarify the problem

Restate the problem in your own words and ask clarifying questions about input constraints, character types, and expected output format.

2. Walk through an example

Choose a simple example (e.g., s1='abc', s2='xyz') and manually compute the output to verify your understanding and the algorithm.

3. Design the algorithm

Outline the steps: iterate through indices, append s1[i], compare with s2[n-1-i], and append accordingly. Consider using a StringBuilder for efficiency.

4. Implement the solution

Write the code in your preferred language, using clear variable names and comments. Handle edge cases like empty strings.

5. Test and analyze

Run through test cases, including edge cases, and state the time and space complexity (O(n) time, O(n) space).

Key Points to Mention

  • Clarify input constraints and edge cases (e.g., empty strings, Unicode characters)
  • Use a StringBuilder for efficient string concatenation
  • Explain the comparison logic: s1[i] vs s2[n-1-i]
  • Walk through an example to validate the approach
  • Discuss time and space complexity (O(n) time, O(n) space)
  • Mention testing with edge cases and potential optimizations

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

A robot moves on a 2D grid with walls, healing cells, and monster cells. Starting with a fixed health value, find the shortest path from start to goal where health never reaches zero or below. Return the shortest distance or the path.

Algorithms & Data StructuresSystem Design
Author's notes

This one is where I stumbled.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Model the problem as a shortest path search on a state graph where each state is (cell, health). Use Dijkstra's algorithm or BFS with a priority queue, treating health as a resource that can be replenished by healing cells and depleted by monster cells. Track the best health for each cell to prune suboptimal paths, and return the shortest distance or reconstruct the path.

Pro tip: Clarify upfront whether health can be regained and whether revisiting cells with different health is allowed; this determines if the state space is (cell, health) or just cell. Also, mention that if health is bounded, you can use a 3D visited array to avoid exponential blowup.

1. Clarify problem constraints and assumptions

Ask about grid size, health bounds, movement rules (4-directional?), and whether healing/monster effects are fixed or variable. Confirm if revisiting cells with different health is allowed.

2. Define the state space and graph model

Represent each state as (row, col, current_health). Edges connect adjacent cells, with health updated based on the target cell's type. Ensure health never drops to zero or below.

3. Choose the appropriate search algorithm

Use Dijkstra's algorithm (or BFS if all edges have equal weight) to find the shortest path. Prioritize states by distance, and track the maximum health achievable for each cell to prune dominated states.

4. Implement and optimize with pruning

Maintain a visited array or hash map storing the best health seen for each cell. Skip states that are dominated (same cell, lower or equal health and greater or equal distance). Reconstruct the path if needed.

5. Analyze complexity and edge cases

Discuss time and space complexity in terms of grid size and health range. Handle edge cases: start health too low, unreachable goal, healing cells that exceed max health, and cycles.

Key Points to Mention

  • State space expansion: (cell, health) to handle health-dependent path validity.
  • Use of Dijkstra's algorithm for weighted shortest path (or BFS if uniform cost).
  • Pruning via dominance: for each cell, keep only the best health for a given distance or better.
  • Handling of healing and monster cells: health updates and constraints (health > 0).
  • Path reconstruction using parent pointers or predecessor map.
  • Complexity analysis: O(R*C*H log(R*C*H)) time and O(R*C*H) space, where H is max health.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Solve a problem on an array or string using a sliding window approach to satisfy a given constraint.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Details were vague in my notes so I can't say exactly what the constraint was.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the problem and identifying the constraint that makes sliding window applicable, such as a fixed window size or a monotonic condition. Then explain how to maintain a window that always satisfies the constraint, expanding and shrinking it while tracking the required result. Finally, walk through the algorithm with a small example and state the time and space complexity.

Pro tip: Explicitly discuss when the window should shrink and how you maintain the constraint, because interviewers at Capital One look for clean, bug-free implementations and clear reasoning about edge cases like empty input or all elements satisfying the condition.

1. Clarify and define the constraint

Restate the problem in your own words and confirm the exact constraint the window must satisfy, including edge cases like empty input or negative numbers.

2. Choose the window type and data structures

Decide whether a fixed-size or variable-size window is needed, and identify any auxiliary data structures (e.g., hash map, deque) to track window state efficiently.

3. Design the expand/shrink logic

Define the conditions for expanding the right pointer and shrinking the left pointer, ensuring the window always satisfies the constraint after each adjustment.

4. Track and update the result

Specify what to record (e.g., max length, min length, start index) and when to update it as the window changes.

5. Analyze complexity and test edge cases

State the time and space complexity, then walk through a small example and edge cases to verify correctness.

Key Points to Mention

  • Time complexity O(n) because each element is added and removed at most once
  • Space complexity O(k) where k is the window size or character set size
  • Handling edge cases such as empty input, single element, or no valid window
  • Using a hash map or frequency array to track window contents for constraint checking
  • The importance of maintaining the invariant that the window always satisfies the constraint
  • Comparing sliding window to brute force to highlight efficiency gains

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.