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Anthropic·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
May 2026

Summary

Interviewed for a software engineering role at Anthropic. The whole session was basically one algorithmic problem that kept getting harder, starting from a simple array scan and ending up in segment tree territory. Pretty intense for what felt like a single question.

Questions Asked (3)

Q1

Given an array of comparable elements, write a function that returns the maximum length of any run of consecutive equal elements.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

This part was fine.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the problem and edge cases, then propose a single-pass linear scan that tracks the current run length and updates the maximum. Discuss time and space complexity, and consider if the input is a stream or if there are constraints like memory limits.

Pro tip: Mention that the algorithm can be adapted to work on a stream of data with O(1) space, which is useful for large or infinite inputs. Also, explicitly state that you assume the array is non-empty and handle the empty case gracefully.

1. Clarify requirements and edge cases

Ask if the array can be empty, if elements are comparable (e.g., using equals or compareTo), and if the function should handle null inputs. Confirm the expected return value for an empty array (e.g., 0).

2. Outline the algorithm

Propose a single-pass approach: initialize maxRun and currentRun to 1 (or 0 for empty). Iterate from the second element, comparing with the previous; if equal, increment currentRun, else reset to 1. Update maxRun accordingly.

3. Analyze complexity

State that the time complexity is O(n) and space complexity is O(1), which is optimal since every element must be examined at least once.

4. Handle edge cases in code

Write code that checks for empty or null input and returns 0. Ensure the loop correctly handles the last run by updating maxRun after the loop or within.

5. Test with examples

Walk through a few test cases: empty array, all equal elements, alternating elements, and a mix. Verify the output matches expectations.

Key Points to Mention

  • Single-pass linear scan with O(n) time and O(1) space.
  • Handling of empty array and null input gracefully.
  • Use of comparable elements: compare using equals() or compareTo() as appropriate.
  • Updating the maximum run length at the end of the loop or when a run breaks.
  • Potential adaptation for streaming data with constant memory.
  • Clarifying assumptions before coding to avoid misunderstandings.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Follow-up: given the same array and an integer N, return true if any run of consecutive equal elements has length at least N. What are the time and space complexities?

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

Basically the same loop with an early exit, O(m) time and O(1) space.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the problem: single pass through the array, tracking the current run length of equal elements. When the run length reaches N, return true; otherwise continue. At the end, return false. Then state time complexity O(n) and space complexity O(1).

Pro tip: Mention edge cases upfront: N <= 0 (return true if array non-empty?), N > array length (return false), and empty array. Also note that the solution is optimal because you must examine each element at least once.

1. Clarify the problem

Confirm that 'run' means consecutive equal elements, and that N is a positive integer. Ask about edge cases like N=0 or empty array.

2. Outline the algorithm

Use a single pass: initialize current run length to 1 (if array non-empty). For each element from index 1, if equal to previous, increment run length; else reset to 1. If run length >= N, return true.

3. Analyze complexity

Time complexity is O(n) because we visit each element once. Space complexity is O(1) because we only use a few variables.

4. Handle edge cases

Discuss N <= 0 (return true for non-empty array), N > array length (return false), and empty array (return false unless N <= 0).

5. Conclude and verify

Summarize the solution and optionally walk through a small example to demonstrate correctness.

Key Points to Mention

  • Single-pass linear scan with constant extra space.
  • Time complexity O(n) and space complexity O(1).
  • Edge cases: N <= 0, N > array length, empty array.
  • Early termination when run length reaches N.
  • Comparison with alternative approaches (e.g., using groupby) and why they are less optimal.
  • Clarify that the array is not necessarily sorted; runs are based on consecutive equal elements.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Further follow-up: now support many online suffix queries. For each query index i, determine whether the suffix a[i..m-1] contains a run of at least length N. Describe your preprocessing, data structures, and the query and update complexities, and discuss trade-offs between approaches like suffix run-length arrays, segment trees, and sparse tables.

Algorithms & Data StructuresSystem DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

This is where things got uncomfortable.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, clarify the problem: we need to answer for each query index i whether the suffix a[i..m-1] contains a run of length at least N. Preprocess the array to compute for each position the length of the longest run starting at that position, then build a data structure (e.g., segment tree or sparse table) to answer range maximum queries over the suffix. Discuss trade-offs between preprocessing time, query time, and update support.

Pro tip: Mention that if updates are required, a segment tree with lazy propagation or a balanced BST can support updates, but if the array is static, a sparse table gives O(1) queries. Also, note that the run length can be computed in O(m) using a simple scan, and the query reduces to checking if the maximum run length in the suffix is at least N.

1. Clarify problem and constraints

Confirm that queries are online (must answer each before seeing next) and whether updates occur. Determine if N is fixed or varies per query.

2. Preprocess run lengths

Compute an array L where L[i] is the length of the longest run starting at i. This can be done in O(m) by scanning from right to left.

3. Choose data structure for range maximum queries

For static arrays, build a sparse table for O(1) queries after O(m log m) preprocessing. For dynamic updates, use a segment tree with O(log m) query and update.

4. Answer queries

For query i, compute max(L[i..m-1]) using the chosen structure. If max >= N, answer yes; else no.

5. Discuss trade-offs

Compare approaches: suffix run-length arrays (simple but O(m) per query), segment trees (O(log m) query/update), sparse tables (O(1) query, no updates). Mention space-time trade-offs.

Key Points to Mention

  • Definition of a run: consecutive identical elements? Or any increasing/decreasing? Clarify with interviewer.
  • Preprocessing run lengths in O(m) time using a right-to-left scan.
  • Range maximum query (RMQ) data structures: sparse table, segment tree, Fenwick tree (if applicable).
  • Trade-offs: sparse table O(1) query but O(m log m) space and no updates; segment tree O(log m) query/update and O(m) space.
  • Handling online queries: if updates are interleaved, need dynamic structure; if not, static is fine.
  • Edge cases: N=0 (always true), N > m-i (false), i out of bounds.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.