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Openai·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Apr 2026

Summary

Did a coding round for a Software Engineer role at OpenAI and got tripped up by a question I'd skipped during prep. The follow-up is what really exposed the gap in my thinking.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

Refactor a chatroom system.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I skipped this one in my prep because it showed up in older posts and I figured it was stale.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the current system's architecture, pain points, and goals for refactoring. Then propose a phased refactoring plan that addresses scalability, maintainability, and reliability, while minimizing disruption. Finally, discuss trade-offs and how you would measure success.

Pro tip: Emphasize incremental refactoring with feature flags and comprehensive testing to ensure safety, and tie your decisions to business impact and user experience.

1. Clarify Requirements and Current State

Ask questions to understand the existing chatroom system: scale, features, tech stack, pain points, and refactoring goals. Identify constraints and success criteria.

2. Identify Core Issues and Priorities

Analyze the system to pinpoint bottlenecks, technical debt, and areas for improvement. Prioritize based on impact and effort, focusing on high-value changes.

3. Propose a Refactoring Strategy

Outline a phased approach, such as modularizing components, introducing message queues, or adopting microservices. Explain how each phase addresses specific issues.

4. Discuss Trade-offs and Mitigations

For each proposed change, discuss trade-offs (e.g., complexity vs. scalability) and how to mitigate risks (e.g., gradual rollout, monitoring).

5. Define Success Metrics and Next Steps

Specify how you'll measure success (e.g., latency, error rates, developer velocity) and outline immediate next steps for implementation.

Key Points to Mention

  • Scalability: handling increasing concurrent users and messages (e.g., horizontal scaling, sharding, load balancing).
  • Reliability and fault tolerance: ensuring message delivery, handling failures (e.g., replication, queues, idempotency).
  • Maintainability: modular design, clear interfaces, reducing coupling (e.g., microservices, event-driven architecture).
  • Data consistency and storage: choosing appropriate databases (SQL vs. NoSQL), caching strategies, and data modeling.
  • Trade-offs: consistency vs. availability, latency vs. throughput, monolith vs. microservices.
  • Testing and deployment: automated testing, canary releases, feature flags, and monitoring.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

How would you redesign the system so that a bot only has access to a subset of messages rather than everything?

System DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

This follow-up is what got me.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the requirements: what defines a 'subset' (per-user, per-channel, per-role), and what are the security and performance constraints. Then propose a design that enforces access control at the data layer, such as using scoped tokens or query filters, and discuss trade-offs like latency, complexity, and scalability.

Pro tip: Emphasize that access control should be enforced at the data access layer, not just in application code, to prevent bypasses. Also, mention the importance of auditing and logging for compliance and debugging.

1. Clarify Requirements

Ask questions to understand what 'subset' means: is it based on user identity, channel membership, message metadata, or dynamic policies? Also clarify non-functional requirements like latency, throughput, and security.

2. High-Level Design

Propose a system where each bot has an associated access policy. When the bot requests messages, the system applies the policy to filter results. This could be done via a policy engine or by embedding access rules in queries.

3. Data Layer Enforcement

Describe how to enforce access at the data layer: e.g., using row-level security in the database, or a middleware that rewrites queries to include access filters. Ensure that even if the bot is compromised, it cannot access unauthorized messages.

4. Trade-offs and Alternatives

Discuss trade-offs: performance overhead of filtering, complexity of policy management, and potential for data leakage. Compare alternatives like separate message stores per bot, or pre-computed views.

5. Scalability and Monitoring

Explain how the design scales with many bots and messages, and how to monitor access patterns and audit logs to detect anomalies.

Key Points to Mention

  • Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) or Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) for defining bot permissions.
  • Row-level security (RLS) in databases or query rewriting to enforce filters.
  • Scoped API tokens or credentials that limit access to specific resources.
  • Caching strategies to mitigate performance overhead of access checks.
  • Audit logging and monitoring for security and compliance.
  • Trade-offs between fine-grained access control and system complexity/performance.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.