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Openai·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

SeniorPrefer not to say
Jul 2026Remote

Summary

OpenAI SWE interview with a pretty gnarly scheduling problem that had a deceptively tricky follow-up. The core question was manageable but the prefix-balancing constraint in the follow-up is where things got real.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

You're given a data labeling platform with totalTask, totalModel, totalHuman, and k as inputs. Return a list of [task, model, human] assignment tuples such that every human appears in at least k assignments, no human annotates the same task twice, and all IDs are valid. Return an empty list if no valid schedule exists.

Algorithms & Data StructuresSystem Design
Author's notes

Spent the first few minutes just making sure I understood the constraints correctly, because the 'same human can't annotate the same task twice' part interacts weirdly with the k-minimum requirement when totalHuman is large relative to totalTask.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, clarify the problem constraints and edge cases, then model it as a bipartite graph or flow problem to ensure feasibility. Propose an algorithm that assigns tasks to humans while satisfying the k-coverage and uniqueness constraints, and discuss validation and complexity.

Pro tip: Always start by checking if the total required assignments (totalHuman * k) exceeds the available unique task-human pairs (totalTask * totalHuman), and if not, use a greedy or flow-based approach to construct a valid schedule efficiently.

1. Clarify constraints and edge cases

Confirm the meaning of inputs: totalTask, totalModel, totalHuman, and k. Check for invalid inputs (e.g., negative numbers) and edge cases like k=0 or totalHuman=0.

2. Check feasibility

Verify if a valid schedule exists: each human needs at least k unique tasks, so totalHuman * k <= totalTask * totalHuman (i.e., k <= totalTask). Also, ensure totalTask >= k and totalHuman > 0 if k > 0.

3. Design assignment algorithm

Use a round-robin or flow-based approach to assign tasks to humans. For each human, assign k distinct tasks, ensuring no duplicate task per human. Distribute model IDs appropriately.

4. Validate and return

Construct the list of [task, model, human] tuples, ensuring all IDs are within valid ranges and no human-task duplicates. If infeasible, return an empty list.

Key Points to Mention

  • Feasibility condition: totalHuman * k <= totalTask * totalHuman, i.e., k <= totalTask.
  • Use of bipartite matching or max-flow to model the assignment problem.
  • Ensuring no human annotates the same task twice by tracking assigned tasks per human.
  • Handling edge cases: k=0, totalHuman=0, or totalTask < k.
  • Time and space complexity of the proposed algorithm.
  • Validation of all IDs (task, model, human) within their respective ranges.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Follow-up: modify the schedule so it's prefix-balanced. For every prefix of the output list, the number of times each model has been assigned to a task and the number of times each model has been paired with a human must each differ by at most 1 across all models (including models with zero assignments so far).

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

This is where I kind of fell apart.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Restate the problem to confirm understanding: we need to produce a schedule where every prefix is balanced in two dimensions—model-task assignments and model-human pairings—with counts differing by at most 1 across all models, including those with zero assignments. Then propose a greedy algorithm that at each step selects the model with the minimum count in each dimension, ensuring the prefix property holds. Finally, discuss how to handle ties and validate the approach with examples.

Pro tip: Emphasize that the balance condition must hold for every prefix, not just the final schedule, so the algorithm must be online and make locally optimal choices. Mention that tie-breaking can affect future feasibility, so consider using a priority queue or round-robin strategy to maintain balance.

1. Clarify the problem and constraints

Confirm that 'prefix-balanced' means for any prefix of the output list, the counts of assignments per model (and pairings per model) differ by at most 1 across all models, including those with zero counts. Ask if the schedule length is fixed and if tasks/humans are interchangeable.

2. Design a greedy algorithm

At each step, choose the model that currently has the minimum number of assignments (and separately, minimum number of human pairings) to maintain balance. If multiple models tie, pick one arbitrarily or use a secondary criterion to avoid future imbalance.

3. Handle two dimensions simultaneously

Ensure that the chosen model satisfies both balance conditions: its assignment count and pairing count must be among the minimum. If no single model satisfies both, adjust the selection or explain how to resolve conflicts (e.g., prioritize one dimension or use a combined metric).

4. Analyze correctness and complexity

Prove that the greedy choice maintains the prefix-balance invariant. Discuss time complexity: O(n log m) with a priority queue for m models and n tasks, or O(n*m) with linear scans.

5. Discuss trade-offs and extensions

Mention potential issues: tie-breaking may affect future balance, and the algorithm may need to look ahead. Compare with alternative approaches like round-robin or integer programming, and note that the greedy method is optimal for this online setting.

Key Points to Mention

  • Prefix-balance condition applies to every prefix, not just the final schedule.
  • Counts must be balanced across all models, including those with zero assignments.
  • Greedy selection of the model with minimum count in each dimension.
  • Handling ties and ensuring both dimensions are satisfied simultaneously.
  • Time complexity and data structures (e.g., priority queue) for efficient selection.
  • Proof of correctness via invariant maintenance.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.