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Grammarly·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Intermediate

Intermediate
Apr 2026

Summary

Did a system design round at Grammarly for a software engineer role. One thing worth flagging: they've moved away from Google Docs and are now using an Excalidraw-based tool for the design portion, which threw me a little since previous reports didn't mention that.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design a read-once chat system, where messages can only be read a single time before they disappear.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offsData Modeling
Author's notes

Seen this one floating around on forums so I wasn't totally blind going in, but the Excalidraw tool was new to me and I spent the first few minutes just figuring out how to draw boxes properly.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and constraints, then design the core message lifecycle with a focus on read-once semantics and deletion. Discuss storage, delivery, and deletion mechanisms, and address trade-offs like reliability, scalability, and security.

Pro tip: Emphasize idempotency and atomicity in marking messages as read to prevent double-reads, and consider using a time-to-live (TTL) as a fallback for deletion.

1. Clarify Requirements

Ask questions to understand scale, latency, consistency, and security needs. Determine if messages should be deleted after read or after a timeout, and if multi-device support is required.

2. High-Level Design

Outline the main components: client, API gateway, message service, storage, and notification system. Sketch the flow of sending and reading a message.

3. Data Model and Storage

Choose a database (e.g., NoSQL for scalability) and design the message schema with fields like ID, sender, recipient, content, status, and TTL. Consider encryption for security.

4. Read-Once Semantics

Design the read operation to atomically mark the message as read and delete it. Use transactions or compare-and-swap to prevent race conditions. Discuss delivery guarantees (at-most-once vs. at-least-once).

5. Scalability and Reliability

Address scaling with sharding, replication, and caching. Discuss handling failures, retries, and ensuring messages are not lost or read multiple times.

Key Points to Mention

  • Atomic operations for marking messages as read (e.g., using database transactions or Redis Lua scripts)
  • Time-to-live (TTL) as a fallback for deletion if messages are not read
  • End-to-end encryption to ensure privacy and security
  • Idempotency keys to handle duplicate read requests
  • Trade-offs between consistency and availability (CAP theorem)
  • Handling offline recipients and push notifications

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.