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Google·Software Engineer·Onsite - Coding / Algorithms·Intermediate

IntermediatePrefer not to say
May 2026

Summary

Google SWE coding round, pretty much a pure algorithms session. One main problem with a follow-up that I half-expected but still fumbled a bit on the optimization side.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

Given an integer array of length N, return all pair sums nums[i] + nums[j] for every i < j. The output can contain duplicates if the same sum is reachable through different index pairs.

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

Jumped straight to the nested loop solution which is fine, it's O(N^2) and the output is literally N*(N-1)/2 entries so there's not much you can do about space.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the problem constraints (e.g., array size, value range, whether duplicates in output are allowed) and then propose a straightforward O(N^2) solution that iterates over all pairs. Discuss potential optimizations or trade-offs, such as using sorting or hashing if the problem context allows, but emphasize that the naive approach is optimal for generating all pairs. Finally, analyze time and space complexity and consider edge cases.

Pro tip: Mention that the output size is inherently O(N^2), so any algorithm must take at least quadratic time; this shows you understand the problem's lower bound and can justify the naive approach.

1. Clarify requirements and constraints

Ask about input size, value ranges, memory limits, and whether the output should be sorted or can contain duplicates. This ensures you understand the problem fully before proposing a solution.

2. Propose a baseline solution

Describe the straightforward double-loop approach: for each i from 0 to N-1, for each j from i+1 to N-1, compute nums[i]+nums[j] and add to result. This is simple and correct.

3. Analyze complexity and trade-offs

State that time complexity is O(N^2) and space complexity is O(N^2) for the output. Discuss that this is optimal because the output itself has O(N^2) elements, so no algorithm can do better in the worst case.

4. Consider edge cases and optimizations

Mention edge cases like N=0 or N=1 (return empty), and discuss if sorting the output or using a hash set to remove duplicates is desired (but note that duplicates are allowed here). If the problem allowed, you could use sorting and two-pointer for specific sum queries, but not for generating all pairs.

5. Write clean code and test

Implement the solution with clear variable names and loops. Walk through a small example to verify correctness, and mention testing with duplicate values and negative numbers.

Key Points to Mention

  • Time complexity O(N^2) and space complexity O(N^2) due to output size
  • The output size is N*(N-1)/2, so any algorithm must be at least quadratic
  • Handling edge cases: empty array, single element, large N
  • Duplicates in output are allowed, so no need to deduplicate
  • Potential trade-offs: if the problem required unique sums, we could use a hash set, but that would change output
  • Clarifying questions are important to avoid assumptions

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Follow-up: how would you efficiently return only the top K largest pair sums from that same array?

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

This is where I stumbled.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the problem: given an array, we need to find the top K largest sums of pairs (i, j) where i < j. Use a max-heap to generate pair sums in descending order, starting from the largest possible sum and expanding to neighbors, ensuring we only consider each pair once. Alternatively, if K is small, we can use a min-heap of size K to keep track of the top K sums while iterating through all pairs, but that is O(n^2) time; the heap-based generation approach can be more efficient if we can prune.

Pro tip: Mention that the optimal approach depends on the relationship between K and n: if K is close to n^2, a full sort might be simpler, but if K is small, a heap-based selection is better. Also, discuss how to avoid duplicates by using a visited set or by only expanding in one direction.

1. Clarify the problem and constraints

Ask about the size of the array, the range of values, and whether K is small or large relative to n^2. Confirm that pairs are unordered and we need distinct pairs (i, j) with i < j.

2. Discuss brute-force and its complexity

Mention that generating all O(n^2) pair sums and using a min-heap of size K gives O(n^2 log K) time, which might be acceptable for small n but not for large n.

3. Propose an efficient heap-based generation approach

Sort the array in descending order. The largest sum is a[0]+a[1]. Use a max-heap to store candidate pairs (i, j) with their sums, starting with (0,1). When popping a pair (i,j), push (i+1,j) and (i,j+1) if they are valid and not visited, using a visited set to avoid duplicates.

4. Analyze time and space complexity

The heap-based approach takes O(K log K) time and O(K) space, which is efficient when K is much smaller than n^2. However, it requires sorting O(n log n) and a visited set that can grow up to O(K).

5. Discuss trade-offs and edge cases

Compare with alternative approaches like binary search on the sum value to find the K-th largest sum, then collect all sums above it. Mention edge cases: K=0, K > n(n-1)/2, duplicate values, and negative numbers.

Key Points to Mention

  • Sorting the array in descending order to simplify pair generation.
  • Using a max-heap to generate pair sums in descending order without enumerating all pairs.
  • Avoiding duplicate pairs by using a visited set or by only expanding in one direction (e.g., only push (i+1,j) and (i,j+1) when i < j).
  • Time complexity: O(n log n + K log K) and space complexity O(K) for the heap and visited set.
  • Alternative approach: binary search on the sum value to find the K-th largest sum, then collect all sums greater than it, which can be O(n log n log range) but may be more complex.
  • Edge cases: K=0, K larger than total pairs, duplicate elements, negative numbers, and integer overflow.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.