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Google·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

IntermediatePrefer not to say
May 2026

Summary

Google SWE interview with a tree serialization problem. Pretty focused session, just the one problem but they pushed on edge cases more than I expected.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Implement encode and decode functions for a general N-ary tree (a tree where each node can have any number of children).

Algorithms & Data StructuresSystem Design
Author's notes

Spent too long second-guessing the serialization format.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the encoding format (e.g., string or array) and constraints, then design a serialization that captures both node values and the number of children. Use a delimiter-based approach with preorder traversal, and ensure the decoder can reconstruct the tree by parsing the encoded data.

Pro tip: Discuss trade-offs between different encoding schemes (e.g., delimiter-based vs. length-prefixed) and mention edge cases like empty trees, nodes with many children, and values containing delimiters. This shows depth and foresight.

1. Clarify requirements and constraints

Ask about the expected encoding format (string, array, etc.), allowed characters, and whether the tree can be empty or have nodes with special values. Confirm if the encoding needs to be human-readable or space-efficient.

2. Choose an encoding strategy

Decide on a serialization method, such as preorder traversal with delimiters and child counts, or length-prefixed values. Explain why this approach handles N-ary trees and avoids ambiguity.

3. Implement encode function

Write a recursive or iterative function that traverses the tree and appends node values and child counts (or delimiters) to the encoded output. Ensure proper handling of null nodes and escaping if needed.

4. Implement decode function

Parse the encoded data to reconstruct the tree. Use a queue or recursion to read node values and child counts, creating nodes and attaching children accordingly. Validate the input to handle malformed data.

5. Test and discuss edge cases

Walk through examples like a single node, a deep tree, and a wide tree. Discuss time and space complexity, and potential improvements or alternative approaches.

Key Points to Mention

  • Choice of delimiter and escaping mechanism to handle values containing delimiters
  • Use of preorder traversal to serialize the tree structure
  • Storing the number of children per node to enable reconstruction
  • Handling of empty tree and null nodes
  • Time and space complexity analysis (O(n) time, O(n) space)
  • Trade-offs between different encoding schemes (e.g., readability vs. compactness)

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.