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Openai·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Senior

SeniorPrefer not to say
Jun 2026

Summary

System design round for a software engineering role at OpenAI, focused entirely on designing a GPU credit allocation system for a multi-tenant compute platform. The scope was massive and I kept second-guessing whether I was going deep enough on any one area.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design a GPU credit allocation system for a multi-tenant compute platform, covering real-time consumption tracking, credit APIs, budget enforcement, job scheduling integration, prepaid/postpaid billing, fair-share usage, and operational concerns like idempotency, consistency, and observability.

System DesignData ModelingAPI & Integrations
Author's notes

The question basically ate the whole session.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and scale, then design a high-level architecture that separates real-time consumption tracking from budget enforcement and billing. Focus on data consistency and idempotency in credit operations, and explain how the system integrates with job scheduling and fair-share policies.

Pro tip: Emphasize idempotency and exactly-once semantics for credit deductions, as duplicate charges or missed deductions can erode tenant trust and cause financial discrepancies. Use a ledger-based approach with unique transaction IDs to ensure correctness.

1. Clarify Requirements and Scale

Ask about expected number of tenants, jobs per second, credit granularity, and whether prepaid/postpaid models are both needed. Establish consistency and latency requirements.

2. Design Core Data Model and Ledger

Propose a ledger-based system with append-only transactions for credits and debits, ensuring idempotency via unique keys. Include tenant balances and real-time consumption aggregates.

3. Architect Real-Time Tracking and Enforcement

Use a stream processing pipeline (e.g., Kafka + Flink) to track GPU usage and update balances. Enforce budgets at job submission and during execution with pre-authorization and periodic checks.

4. Integrate with Scheduling and Billing

Define APIs for credit checks and deductions that the scheduler calls. Support prepaid (deduct upfront) and postpaid (accumulate usage, bill periodically) models with fair-share policies.

5. Address Operational Concerns

Ensure idempotency, consistency (e.g., via distributed transactions or sagas), and observability (metrics, logging, tracing). Discuss failure recovery and reconciliation.

Key Points to Mention

  • Idempotency: Use unique transaction IDs and deduplication to prevent double-charging or missed deductions.
  • Consistency: Choose between strong consistency for balances and eventual consistency for usage metrics, with reconciliation.
  • Real-time tracking: Stream processing for low-latency consumption updates and budget enforcement.
  • Fair-share: Implement weighted fair queuing or token buckets to allocate credits fairly among tenants.
  • Billing models: Support both prepaid (deduct at job start) and postpaid (aggregate usage, invoice later).
  • Observability: Expose metrics (credit balance, consumption rate), logs, and traces for debugging and auditing.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.