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PayPal·Data Scientist·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

IntermediatePrefer not to say
Jun 2026Remote

Summary

PayPal data scientist interview with a pandas-heavy coding question. Nothing too exotic but the two-part structure meant you had to get both pieces right, and the second part tripped me up more than I expected.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given a DataFrame of user transactions, write a function that filters out any user who has fewer than 100 transactions in any single calendar month. Then write a second function that computes the average time between consecutive transactions in seconds for each user who survives the filter.

Product Analytics & MetricsAlgorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

The first part was fine.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the data schema and edge cases, then outline a vectorized pandas solution: group by user and month to count transactions, filter users with any month below 100, and compute time differences within each user. Emphasize efficiency and correctness for large datasets, and discuss potential pitfalls like timezone handling and missing data.

Pro tip: Mention that you would validate the filter by checking the distribution of monthly transaction counts and consider using a window function or groupby transform to avoid multiple passes over the data, which is crucial for scalability at PayPal.

1. Clarify requirements and data schema

Ask about the DataFrame columns (e.g., user_id, transaction_time, amount), timezone, and whether 'calendar month' means UTC or local time. Confirm that the filter applies to any month with <100 transactions, not the average.

2. Design the filtering function

Use groupby on user_id and month (derived from transaction_time) to count transactions, then identify users with any count <100 and exclude them. Return a filtered DataFrame.

3. Design the average time between transactions function

For each surviving user, sort by transaction_time, compute differences between consecutive timestamps in seconds, and take the mean. Handle cases with only one transaction (return NaN or 0) and ensure correct grouping.

4. Discuss implementation details and optimizations

Mention using vectorized operations (e.g., groupby.transform, diff) instead of loops, and consider memory usage for large datasets. Suggest using pandas' built-in functions for efficiency.

5. Test and validate

Propose testing with small synthetic data, checking edge cases (e.g., users with exactly 100 transactions in a month, users with transactions spanning multiple months), and verifying results manually.

Key Points to Mention

  • Grouping by user and calendar month to count transactions
  • Filtering users with any month having fewer than 100 transactions
  • Computing time differences between consecutive transactions per user
  • Handling edge cases: single transaction, missing timestamps, timezone consistency
  • Using vectorized pandas operations for scalability
  • Validating results and considering performance implications

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.