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Amazon·Software Engineer·Online Assessment (OA)·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Amazon OA for a full-stack role, debugging a broken Node.js/Express/MongoDB backend for a movie review platform. No greenfield coding, just tracing and fixing logic spread across controllers, middleware, and utilities. Trickier than it sounds.

Questions Asked (4)

Q1

A review moderation system needs to permanently flag users after 3 consecutive violations, both during review creation and during review updates. The existing code handles these flows separately and inconsistently. Find and fix the bugs.

Root Cause AnalysisAPI & IntegrationsSystem Design
Author's notes

This is where I lost the most time.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, identify the shared business rule (3 consecutive violations) and the two code paths (creation and update) that must enforce it. Then, trace each path to find inconsistencies, such as different counters or missing updates, and propose a unified solution that centralizes the logic to avoid duplication. Finally, verify the fix with test cases covering both flows and edge cases like exactly 3 violations and resets.

Pro tip: Demonstrate ownership by suggesting a single source of truth for violation tracking, such as a dedicated service or database field, and emphasize writing tests to prevent regression. This shows you think beyond quick fixes and consider maintainability.

1. Clarify Requirements and Identify Shared Logic

Restate the rule: after 3 consecutive violations, permanently flag the user. Note that both review creation and update must enforce this, so the logic should be identical and centralized.

2. Trace Both Code Paths to Find Inconsistencies

Examine how violations are counted and flagged in creation vs. update. Look for differences in counter increments, reset conditions, or flagging thresholds that cause divergent behavior.

3. Propose a Unified Fix

Extract the violation-checking logic into a shared function or service that both paths call. Ensure it atomically updates the violation count and sets the permanent flag when the threshold is reached.

4. Address Edge Cases and Data Consistency

Consider concurrency (e.g., simultaneous updates), counter resets after non-violating actions, and persistence of the flag. Ensure the flag is permanent and cannot be unset by subsequent actions.

5. Validate with Tests and Monitor

Write unit and integration tests for both flows, including scenarios with 0, 1, 2, 3, and >3 violations. Suggest logging or metrics to detect future inconsistencies.

Key Points to Mention

  • Single source of truth for violation counting and flagging to avoid duplication.
  • Consecutive violations: ensure the counter resets appropriately after a non-violating action.
  • Atomicity and concurrency: use transactions or locks to prevent race conditions.
  • Permanent flag: once set, it should never be cleared, even if violations are later reduced.
  • Code reuse: extract shared logic into a common module or service.
  • Testing: cover both creation and update paths with edge cases.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

The moderation system also needs to flag users after 3 cumulative violations across both create and update operations combined, not just consecutive ones within a single flow. Debug why cumulative tracking is broken.

Root Cause AnalysisData Modeling
Author's notes

Separate bug from the consecutive one, which caught me off guard.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the expected behavior: violations should accumulate across both create and update operations, and a user should be flagged once the total reaches 3. Then systematically trace the data flow from both operation types to the violation counter, checking for separate counters, incorrect reset logic, or missing updates in one path.

Pro tip: In root cause analysis, always reproduce the bug with a minimal test case that combines create and update violations, then use logging or a debugger to observe the counter's value after each operation. This demonstrates a methodical approach and often reveals the exact point of failure quickly.

1. Clarify Requirements and Assumptions

Confirm that violations from both create and update operations should contribute to a single cumulative count per user, and that the flag should trigger at 3 total violations. Ask if there are any nuances like violation expiration or different weights.

2. Reproduce the Bug

Create a test scenario where a user commits violations through both create and update operations, and observe whether the flag is set after 3 total violations. Use logging to track the counter value after each operation.

3. Trace Data Flow and State Management

Examine how violations are recorded in both create and update paths. Check if they update the same counter in the database or if there are separate counters. Look for any reset logic that might clear the count after each operation or session.

4. Identify Root Cause

Based on the trace, pinpoint the specific flaw: e.g., separate counters for create and update, a reset after each operation, or a missing update in one path. Verify by fixing the issue and re-running the test.

5. Propose and Validate Fix

Suggest a solution such as using a single atomic counter, ensuring both paths increment it, and removing any erroneous resets. Validate with unit and integration tests covering mixed operations.

Key Points to Mention

  • Cumulative violation tracking should be user-centric, not operation-specific.
  • Check for separate counters or state variables for create and update operations.
  • Look for reset logic that might clear the counter after each operation or session.
  • Ensure atomicity and consistency when updating the counter from concurrent operations.
  • Use logging and debugging to observe counter values after each operation.
  • Consider edge cases like multiple violations in a single operation or race conditions.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Rate limiting should block users after 4 review operations within a 60-second window, counting both POST and PUT requests together. The current implementation tracks them separately. Fix it.

System DesignAPI & Integrations
Author's notes

Pretty clear once I understood what was wrong.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, clarify the requirements and confirm the desired behavior: a shared counter across POST and PUT within a sliding 60-second window. Then propose a concrete fix using a unified key (e.g., user ID) and an atomic data structure like a Redis sorted set or sliding window counter, and discuss how to handle edge cases like concurrency and distributed environments.

Pro tip: Mention that you would use a sliding window rather than a fixed window to avoid burst issues at window boundaries, and that you would make the check-and-increment atomic to prevent race conditions in a distributed system.

1. Clarify requirements and constraints

Confirm that the limit is 4 total operations (POST + PUT) per user per 60 seconds, and ask about distributed deployment, existing infrastructure (e.g., Redis), and whether the window is sliding or fixed.

2. Identify the root cause

Explain that the current implementation uses separate counters for POST and PUT, so a user can perform 4 POSTs and 4 PUTs without being blocked, violating the combined limit.

3. Propose a unified counting mechanism

Suggest using a single key per user (e.g., rate_limit:{userId}) and a data structure that supports atomic increment and time-based expiry, such as a Redis sorted set with timestamps or a sliding window counter.

4. Address atomicity and concurrency

Describe how to perform the check-and-increment atomically, e.g., using Redis MULTI/EXEC, Lua scripts, or atomic INCR with TTL, to prevent race conditions in a distributed environment.

5. Handle edge cases and testing

Discuss edge cases like window boundaries, clock skew, and failure modes (e.g., Redis down). Outline a testing strategy including unit tests and integration tests with concurrent requests.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use a single counter key per user for both POST and PUT requests.
  • Implement a sliding window algorithm (e.g., Redis sorted set with timestamps) to avoid burst traffic at window edges.
  • Ensure atomicity of the check-and-increment operation using Lua scripts or transactions.
  • Consider distributed rate limiting with a centralized store like Redis or a dedicated service.
  • Define fallback behavior if the rate limiter is unavailable (e.g., fail open or fail closed).
  • Write tests to verify the combined limit and concurrency behavior.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q4

The system should block review creation and review updates if the content contains inappropriate language. Both flows are broken. Debug and fix the content moderation checks.

Root Cause AnalysisAPI & Integrations
Author's notes

Easier than the others.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the expected behavior and the two broken flows (create and update). Then systematically trace the moderation check logic, identify the root cause(s) for each flow, and propose a fix that ensures consistency and correctness. Validate with test cases covering both flows and edge cases.

Pro tip: Demonstrate a bias for action by prioritizing the most critical flow (likely creation) and suggesting a shared moderation utility to prevent future divergence. Also mention the importance of logging and monitoring to catch regressions.

1. Clarify requirements and reproduce

Confirm the expected moderation behavior (e.g., which words are blocked, case sensitivity, etc.) and reproduce the failure for both create and update flows.

2. Trace the code paths

Follow the execution path for review creation and update, focusing on where the moderation check is invoked and how its result is handled.

3. Identify root cause(s)

Determine why the check fails: e.g., missing call, incorrect condition, exception swallowing, or inconsistent logic between flows.

4. Implement and test fix

Apply a fix that addresses the root cause, ideally centralizing moderation logic. Write unit and integration tests for both flows and edge cases.

5. Verify and prevent regression

Run tests, manually verify, and add monitoring/alerting to detect future failures. Consider refactoring to avoid duplication.

Key Points to Mention

  • Root cause analysis: distinguish between missing checks, incorrect logic, and error handling issues.
  • Consistency between create and update flows: ensure both use the same moderation service or utility.
  • Error handling: moderation failures should not silently allow inappropriate content; consider fail-closed vs fail-open.
  • Testing: cover positive and negative cases, including edge cases like empty content, special characters, and case sensitivity.
  • Observability: add logging and metrics to track moderation failures and successes.
  • Code quality: suggest refactoring to a shared function to avoid duplication and future bugs.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.