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Meta·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

SeniorPrefer not to say
Jul 2026

Summary

Meta SWE coding round, one meaty problem about building an expression evaluator from scratch. The operator precedence and right-associativity stuff made it trickier than it looked at first glance.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Implement a calculator that evaluates arithmetic expressions with non-negative integers and the operators +, *, and ^ (exponentiation), where ^ has highest precedence and is right-associative. Spaces may appear anywhere in the input. Return the integer result and discuss your approach.

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I went with recursive descent because two-stack shunting-yard always trips me up when I try to code it live.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify requirements and edge cases, then design a solution using a stack-based or recursive descent parser that respects operator precedence and right-associativity. Implement the algorithm, test with examples, and discuss trade-offs between approaches.

Pro tip: Demonstrate strong communication by walking through a concrete example step-by-step before coding, and explicitly state how you handle spaces and multi-digit numbers.

1. Clarify requirements and edge cases

Ask about input constraints (e.g., maximum expression length, integer overflow), expected output format, and handling of invalid expressions. Confirm that spaces can be ignored and that only non-negative integers and the operators +, *, ^ are allowed.

2. Choose an approach

Decide between a stack-based two-pass algorithm (first handle ^, then * and +) or a recursive descent parser. Consider trade-offs: stack-based is simpler for this specific operator set, while recursive descent is more extensible.

3. Design the algorithm

For stack-based: tokenize the expression, then process ^ right-associatively using a stack, followed by * and + with standard precedence. For recursive descent: define grammar with ^ highest precedence and right-associative, then implement parsing functions.

4. Implement and test

Write clean code with helper functions for tokenization and evaluation. Test with examples like '2^3^2' (should be 512), '2+3*4' (14), and expressions with spaces. Handle edge cases like single number, leading/trailing spaces.

5. Analyze and discuss

State time and space complexity (O(n) time, O(n) space for stack). Discuss potential optimizations, such as evaluating on the fly or using two stacks for operators and operands. Mention how to extend to other operators or parentheses.

Key Points to Mention

  • Operator precedence: ^ highest, then *, then +.
  • Right-associativity of ^ (e.g., 2^3^2 = 2^(3^2) = 512).
  • Handling spaces by ignoring them during tokenization.
  • Using a stack to manage operators and operands, or recursive descent parsing.
  • Time and space complexity: O(n) time, O(n) space.
  • Edge cases: single number, multiple digits, potential integer overflow.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.