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Instacart·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

IntermediatePrefer not to say
Jun 2026Remote

Summary

Instacart gave me a software engineer interview built around a ~10,000-line Python bus simulation codebase. The whole thing was about navigating unfamiliar code fast, making targeted edits, and designing a new metric from scratch. Weird format but kind of interesting once I got into it.

Questions Asked (3)

Q1

Given a large unfamiliar codebase, can you use an AI coding assistant to quickly locate where specific logic lives and explain what a given class is responsible for?

Adaptability & AmbiguityTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

This part was less stressful than I expected.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Acknowledge that AI coding assistants can be powerful for navigating unfamiliar code, but emphasize that they are most effective when combined with traditional exploration techniques. Describe a balanced workflow: start with AI to get a high-level map, then verify and dive deeper manually to build true understanding.

Pro tip: Mention that AI assistants can hallucinate or miss context, so always cross-check their suggestions with the actual code and tests. Also, highlight that explaining the code back to the AI (or a colleague) is a great way to solidify your understanding.

1. Leverage AI for initial reconnaissance

Use the AI assistant to ask broad questions like 'Where is the logic for X?' or 'What does class Y do?' to get a quick overview and identify key files or functions.

2. Validate and explore manually

Open the suggested files, read the code, and trace the logic yourself. Use IDE features like 'Find Usages' and 'Go to Definition' to understand dependencies and flow.

3. Ask AI for detailed explanations

Once you've identified a specific class or function, ask the AI to explain its responsibilities, inputs/outputs, and edge cases. Compare with your own reading.

4. Cross-reference with tests and documentation

Look at unit tests, integration tests, and any available docs to confirm the AI's explanations and uncover additional context.

5. Synthesize and verify understanding

Summarize your findings, perhaps by writing a short note or explaining it to someone else. If possible, make a small change and run tests to validate your understanding.

Key Points to Mention

  • AI assistants can quickly surface relevant files and provide high-level summaries, saving time in large codebases.
  • Always verify AI-generated information against the actual code, as it may be outdated or incorrect.
  • Combine AI with traditional tools like grep, IDE navigation, and debuggers for a comprehensive approach.
  • Understanding a class's responsibility involves examining its public methods, dependencies, and how it's used by other parts of the system.
  • Leverage tests as executable documentation to confirm behavior and edge cases.
  • Be transparent about using AI as a tool, but emphasize that critical thinking and manual verification are essential.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Make a small, targeted modification to the simulation code in the unfamiliar codebase.

Technical Trade-offsAlgorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Straightforward once I figured out where the relevant logic was.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by exploring the codebase to understand its structure, entry points, and the specific simulation logic. Identify the smallest change that achieves the goal, then implement it with tests to verify correctness. Communicate your reasoning and trade-offs throughout.

Pro tip: Before modifying code, run the simulation to observe its current behavior and establish a baseline; this helps you catch unintended side effects early. Also, use the debugger or logging to trace execution paths rather than guessing.

1. Orient in the codebase

Quickly scan the repository structure, README, and key files to locate the simulation code and understand its purpose. Identify the main entry point and how the simulation is invoked.

2. Understand the relevant logic

Read the specific functions or classes involved in the modification, tracing data flow and dependencies. Clarify any assumptions by checking tests or documentation.

3. Plan the minimal change

Determine the smallest possible edit that achieves the desired behavior, considering edge cases and potential side effects. Prefer modifying existing code over adding new abstractions.

4. Implement and verify

Make the change, then run existing tests and add a focused test if needed. Manually run the simulation to confirm the modification works as intended.

5. Communicate and reflect

Explain what you changed, why, and any trade-offs or uncertainties. Mention how you would validate further or what you learned about the codebase.

Key Points to Mention

  • Approach to reading unfamiliar code: start from entry points, use IDE navigation, and leverage tests as documentation.
  • Importance of making minimal, targeted changes to reduce risk and avoid unintended consequences.
  • Using debugging tools, logging, or print statements to understand runtime behavior.
  • Writing or running tests to verify the modification and ensure no regressions.
  • Considering edge cases and potential impacts on other parts of the simulation.
  • Communicating assumptions, trade-offs, and next steps clearly.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Design and implement a new efficiency metric for the bus simulation. Justify your choice and integrate it into the existing code.

Product Analytics & MetricsSystem DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

This was the meatiest part.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the simulation's goals and existing metrics, then propose a metric that captures a key efficiency dimension (e.g., on-time performance, resource utilization, or throughput) and justify it with clear reasoning. Outline how you would implement it in the code, including data collection, calculation, and integration points, and discuss trade-offs and validation.

Pro tip: Tie your metric to a business outcome (e.g., reducing wait times or fuel costs) to show product thinking, and mention how you'd validate it against real-world data or A/B tests to ensure it drives the right behavior.

1. Understand the simulation and goals

Ask clarifying questions about the simulation's purpose, existing metrics, and what 'efficiency' means in this context. Identify stakeholders and key performance indicators.

2. Propose and justify the metric

Define a metric that addresses a gap or improves on existing ones, and explain why it's the right choice (e.g., aligns with business goals, actionable, measurable).

3. Design the implementation

Outline how to compute the metric from simulation data, including data sources, calculation logic, and where to integrate it in the codebase (e.g., new module, existing class).

4. Address trade-offs and validation

Discuss potential trade-offs (e.g., complexity vs. insight, performance impact) and how you would validate the metric (e.g., backtesting, sensitivity analysis).

5. Integrate and iterate

Describe the integration process, including testing, monitoring, and how you would iterate based on feedback or changing requirements.

Key Points to Mention

  • Definition of efficiency in the context of bus simulation (e.g., time, cost, energy, passenger satisfaction)
  • Alignment with business objectives (e.g., reducing operational costs, improving customer experience)
  • Data requirements and availability (e.g., timestamps, passenger counts, fuel consumption)
  • Implementation details (e.g., adding a method to calculate the metric, using existing data structures)
  • Trade-offs (e.g., simplicity vs. accuracy, real-time vs. batch calculation)
  • Validation and testing (e.g., unit tests, comparison with historical data, A/B testing)

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.