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Visa·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Intermediate

Intermediate
Apr 2026

Summary

Visa SWE interview with a system design question on building a login system. Pretty standard stuff but there's more to it than it sounds once you start thinking about auth flows and scale.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design a user login system.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offsAPI & Integrations
Author's notes

Started with the basics, username/password, session tokens, and then they kept pushing.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements (scale, security, compliance) and then present a high-level design covering authentication, session management, and data storage. Dive into key components like password hashing, token-based auth, and integration with Visa's payment systems, discussing trade-offs at each step.

Pro tip: Emphasize security and compliance (PCI DSS, GDPR) from the start, and discuss how you would handle scale and high availability, as Visa processes millions of transactions per second.

1. Clarify Requirements

Ask about expected user volume, security standards (e.g., PCI DSS), and integration points (e.g., with payment APIs). Define functional and non-functional requirements.

2. High-Level Design

Outline the main components: client, API gateway, authentication service, user database, and token service. Sketch the flow for login, logout, and token refresh.

3. Deep Dive into Authentication

Discuss password storage (bcrypt/Argon2), multi-factor authentication, and OAuth 2.0/OpenID Connect for third-party logins. Explain session management using JWT or opaque tokens.

4. Address Scalability and Security

Talk about rate limiting, DDoS protection, database sharding, caching, and encryption in transit and at rest. Mention audit logging and monitoring.

5. Discuss Trade-offs and Alternatives

Compare stateful vs stateless sessions, SQL vs NoSQL for user data, and build vs buy for identity management. Justify your choices based on Visa's needs.

Key Points to Mention

  • Password hashing with salt (bcrypt, Argon2) and never storing plaintext passwords
  • Token-based authentication (JWT) with short expiry and refresh tokens
  • Multi-factor authentication (MFA) and risk-based authentication
  • Compliance with PCI DSS, GDPR, and other regulations
  • Scalability considerations: horizontal scaling, database sharding, caching
  • Integration with existing Visa systems and third-party identity providers (OAuth, SAML)

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.