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Upstart·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
May 2026

Summary

Interviewed for a software engineer role at Upstart and got a string manipulation problem that looked deceptively simple on the surface. The anagram matching with a tiebreaker condition was the kind of thing that trips you up if you rush straight into code.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given a target string and a list of candidate strings, find which candidate is an anagram of the target. If more than one qualifies, return the one whose first character matches the first character of the target. Return an empty result if nothing matches.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

My first instinct was to just sort both strings and compare, which works fine for the anagram check.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the problem constraints and edge cases first, then propose an efficient algorithm using character frequency counting (e.g., a hash map or fixed-size array) to check anagrams. After identifying all anagram candidates, apply the tie-breaking rule by checking the first character, and return the appropriate result or empty string.

Pro tip: Mention that you can optimize by pre-filtering candidates based on length and first character before doing full anagram checks, which can significantly reduce unnecessary comparisons in large datasets.

1. Clarify requirements and edge cases

Ask about input constraints (e.g., string lengths, character set, case sensitivity) and edge cases like empty strings, multiple matches, or no matches. Confirm the tie-breaking rule: if multiple anagrams exist, return the one whose first character matches the target's first character.

2. Choose an anagram detection method

Decide between sorting (O(n log n)) or character frequency counting (O(n)) for comparing strings. Frequency counting with a hash map or array is more efficient for large strings, especially if the character set is known.

3. Iterate and collect anagram candidates

Loop through the candidate list, check if each candidate is an anagram of the target using your chosen method. Collect all anagrams that match, and also track those whose first character matches the target's first character.

4. Apply tie-breaking and return result

If exactly one anagram is found, return it. If multiple, return the first one (in the order they appear) that has the same first character as the target. If none qualify, return an empty string.

5. Analyze complexity and test

State the time and space complexity of your solution (e.g., O(N * L) where N is number of candidates and L is average length). Walk through test cases including no match, single match, multiple matches with and without first-character tie-break.

Key Points to Mention

  • Anagram definition: same characters with same frequencies, order doesn't matter.
  • Efficient anagram check using frequency counting (hash map or array) vs. sorting.
  • Handling multiple matches: tie-breaking rule based on first character match.
  • Edge cases: empty strings, no anagrams, multiple anagrams with same first character.
  • Time and space complexity analysis of the chosen approach.
  • Potential optimization: pre-filter by length and first character to reduce comparisons.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.