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Lead Bank·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
May 2026

Summary

Coding round at Lead Bank for a software engineer role. Two parts, both centered around a social likes system. The problems weren't crazy hard but the second part had some tricky graph traversal logic that required careful thinking.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

Design and implement a data structure for a social likes system that supports two operations: retrieving the like count between two users, and ingesting bidirectional like data between users.

Algorithms & Data StructuresData Modeling
Author's notes

The transform function part was pretty approachable.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the requirements: what 'like count between two users' means (e.g., number of likes user A gave to user B, or mutual likes), and whether the data is static or streaming. Then propose a data structure like a hash map of user pairs to counts, or a graph adjacency list with edge weights, and discuss trade-offs for ingestion and query performance.

Pro tip: Mention that in a real system like a bank's social feature, you'd need to consider data consistency, concurrency, and persistence; suggesting a simple in-memory solution first, then scaling to a distributed store like Redis or Cassandra, shows maturity.

1. Clarify requirements and assumptions

Ask questions to understand what 'like count between two users' means, whether likes are directional, if counts are cumulative or unique, and the expected scale and read/write patterns.

2. Choose a data model

Propose a data model such as a hash map with composite keys (user1, user2) or a graph with adjacency lists, and explain how it supports the operations.

3. Design operations

Define the API for ingesting bidirectional like data (e.g., increment counts for both directions) and retrieving the like count (e.g., lookup by key).

4. Analyze complexity and trade-offs

Discuss time and space complexity for each operation, and compare alternatives like using a database vs. in-memory store, considering factors like scalability and persistence.

5. Address edge cases and extensions

Mention handling of concurrent updates, data consistency, and potential extensions like time-based likes or aggregation queries.

Key Points to Mention

  • Choice of data structure: hash map with composite keys or graph adjacency list with weights
  • Bidirectional ingestion: incrementing counts for both (A,B) and (B,A) or maintaining a symmetric matrix
  • Time complexity: O(1) for both operations with hash map, O(1) amortized for graph with hash-based adjacency
  • Space complexity: O(n^2) worst-case for dense graph, but sparse representation saves space
  • Concurrency and consistency: use of locks, atomic operations, or eventual consistency in distributed systems
  • Scalability: sharding by user ID, using distributed caches like Redis, or a database with appropriate indexes

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Given the social likes data structure from the previous part, implement a friend recommendation function that, for a given user, finds their best friend's best friend (where 'best' is defined by highest like count).

Algorithms & Data StructuresSystem Design
Author's notes

This is where I slowed down.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, clarify the data structure and the definition of 'best friend' (highest like count). Then, design an algorithm that finds the given user's best friend, and from that friend, finds their best friend, ensuring no self-recommendation and handling edge cases. Discuss time and space complexity, and consider scalability for large datasets.

Pro tip: Demonstrate awareness of real-world constraints: mention that like counts may change frequently, so caching or incremental updates might be needed. Also, consider tie-breaking rules and whether the recommendation should exclude existing friends.

1. Clarify requirements and assumptions

Ask about the data structure (e.g., adjacency list with like counts), definition of 'best friend' (max likes), and edge cases like no friends or ties. Confirm if the recommendation should exclude the user themselves and existing friends.

2. Design the algorithm

Outline steps: retrieve the user's friends and their like counts, find the friend with max likes (best friend), then retrieve that friend's friends and find their best friend. Handle cases where the best friend has no other friends or the result is the original user.

3. Analyze complexity and optimize

Discuss time complexity (e.g., O(F + G) where F and G are friend counts) and space complexity. Suggest optimizations like precomputing best friends or using a priority queue if like counts are dynamic.

4. Handle edge cases and tie-breaking

Define behavior for ties (e.g., pick the one with lowest ID or most recent interaction). Ensure the function returns null or a default if no recommendation is possible.

5. Test and validate

Walk through a simple example to verify correctness. Mention potential unit tests for edge cases like empty friend lists, ties, and cycles.

Key Points to Mention

  • Data structure representation: adjacency list with like counts per edge or per friend.
  • Definition of 'best friend': highest like count, with tie-breaking rule.
  • Algorithm steps: find best friend of user, then best friend of that friend.
  • Edge cases: no friends, best friend has no other friends, recommendation is the user themselves, ties.
  • Time and space complexity analysis.
  • Scalability considerations for large social graphs (e.g., caching, distributed processing).

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.