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Xai·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Coding screen for a Data Engineer role at xAI. Two Python problems, both string manipulation flavored. Nothing crazy but the second one had a subtle ordering requirement that I almost missed.

Questions Asked (2)

Q1

Write a function that counts how many times a given character appears in a string, with case-sensitive matching.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Pretty straightforward.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements: input types, empty string, null handling, and case sensitivity. Then propose a simple linear scan solution, discussing time and space complexity. Finally, implement the function in a clean, readable manner and test with edge cases.

Pro tip: Mention that in production code, you'd leverage built-in library functions (e.g., Python's str.count) for simplicity and performance, but here you're demonstrating algorithmic thinking. Also, discuss how the solution scales for large strings or streaming data.

1. Clarify requirements

Ask about input constraints: can the string be empty? Is the character guaranteed to be a single character? How should null or invalid inputs be handled? Confirm case-sensitive matching.

2. Outline approach

Propose a linear scan: iterate through each character in the string, compare it to the target character, and increment a counter when they match. Mention that this is O(n) time and O(1) space.

3. Implement the function

Write clean code with meaningful variable names. Include input validation if necessary. For example, in Python: def count_char(s, c): return sum(1 for ch in s if ch == c).

4. Test with edge cases

Walk through examples: empty string, character not present, all characters match, and case sensitivity (e.g., 'A' vs 'a'). Verify the function returns correct counts.

5. Discuss optimizations and trade-offs

Mention alternative approaches like using built-in functions (e.g., str.count) or regular expressions, and discuss their performance implications. Also, consider if the string is very large or streamed.

Key Points to Mention

  • Time complexity: O(n) where n is the length of the string.
  • Space complexity: O(1) additional space.
  • Case-sensitive comparison: ensure 'A' and 'a' are treated as different.
  • Edge cases: empty string, null input, character not found, all characters match.
  • Built-in functions: mention that many languages provide a direct method (e.g., Python's str.count) but implement manually to demonstrate understanding.
  • Scalability: for very large strings, consider streaming or parallel processing if applicable.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Write a function that takes two strings, splits them into words by spaces, and returns the words unique to each string in their original order, with words from the first string's unique set coming before the second string's.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

I fumbled the ordering part at first.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the problem: split each string by spaces, compute the set of words unique to each string (i.e., words that appear in one string but not the other), and then concatenate the unique words from the first string followed by those from the second, preserving original order. Use a hash set for efficient lookups and a list to maintain order. Discuss time and space complexity.

Pro tip: Mention edge cases like empty strings, multiple spaces, and case sensitivity upfront, and ask if the definition of 'unique' means words that appear only in one string (not in both) or words that are distinct within each string. This shows attention to detail and avoids ambiguity.

1. Clarify requirements and edge cases

Confirm the definition of 'unique' (words not present in the other string), handling of empty strings, multiple spaces, and case sensitivity. Ask if punctuation should be considered part of words.

2. Choose data structures

Use sets to store words from each string for O(1) lookups, and lists to preserve the original order of unique words. Consider using an ordered set if available, but a list plus set is sufficient.

3. Process each string

Split each string by spaces, iterate through the words, and for each word, check if it exists in the other string's set. If not, add it to the result list for that string, ensuring no duplicates within the same string.

4. Combine results and return

Concatenate the list of unique words from the first string with that from the second string, and return the combined list.

5. Analyze complexity and test

State time complexity O(n+m) where n and m are the lengths of the strings, and space complexity O(n+m). Walk through a simple example to verify correctness.

Key Points to Mention

  • Definition of 'unique' as words that appear in one string but not the other.
  • Using sets for efficient membership testing and lists for order preservation.
  • Handling edge cases: empty strings, multiple spaces, case sensitivity, and punctuation.
  • Time and space complexity analysis.
  • Avoiding duplicates within the same string's unique set.
  • Potential follow-up: how to handle very large strings or streaming input.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.