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Google·Software Engineer·Onsite - Coding / Algorithms·Intermediate

Intermediate
Apr 2026

Summary

Google SWE coding round with a string grouping problem. Pretty clean problem once you figure out the key insight, but I spent a bit too long second-guessing the modular arithmetic before committing to an approach.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given an array of strings, group them by their 'shift distance signature', where the signature is the sequence of modular differences between adjacent characters (delta = (ord(s[i]) - ord(s[i-1])) mod 26). Strings with identical signatures belong in the same group.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

The mod 26 part is where I fumbled initially.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the signature definition and edge cases (empty string, single character). Then design an algorithm that computes the signature for each string and uses a hash map to group strings by their signature. Analyze time and space complexity, and discuss potential optimizations or alternative approaches.

Pro tip: Mention that the signature can be represented as a string of characters (e.g., by adding 'a' to each delta) to simplify hashing and comparison. Also, consider using a rolling hash for very long strings to save space, but note the trade-off with collision risk.

1. Clarify the problem

Confirm the definition of shift distance signature, including modular arithmetic and handling of edge cases like empty or single-character strings.

2. Design the algorithm

For each string, compute its signature by iterating through adjacent characters and calculating the modular difference. Use a hash map to group strings with identical signatures.

3. Analyze complexity

Calculate time complexity: O(N * L) where N is number of strings and L is average length. Space complexity: O(N * L) for storing signatures and groups.

4. Discuss optimizations

Consider representing signatures as strings or using rolling hashes to reduce memory. Discuss trade-offs between collision risk and space savings.

5. Test with examples

Walk through a small example to verify correctness, including edge cases like empty strings and strings with identical signatures but different characters.

Key Points to Mention

  • Modular arithmetic: delta = (ord(s[i]) - ord(s[i-1])) mod 26, ensuring positive result.
  • Hash map usage: key as signature, value as list of strings.
  • Edge cases: empty string (signature empty), single character (signature empty), strings of different lengths but same signature pattern.
  • Time and space complexity analysis.
  • Potential optimizations: signature as string, rolling hash, or using tuple of deltas.
  • Handling of Unicode or only lowercase letters? Clarify assumptions.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.