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Amazon·Data Scientist·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Sep 2023Remote

Summary

Amazon logistics data science round, SQL heavy. Three questions that all built on the same two tables, each one adding more complexity. Felt manageable until the window function part.

Questions Asked (3)

Q1

Given a shipment table and a defect table, write SQL to calculate the defect rate (defects divided by shipments) for each carrier, filtered to the last 30 days.

Product Analytics & MetricsData Modeling
Author's notes

Straightforward join and aggregate, I got through it fine.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the table schemas and the definition of 'defect rate' (defects per shipment). Then write a SQL query that aggregates shipments and defects separately for the last 30 days, joins them by carrier, and computes the ratio, ensuring proper handling of carriers with zero shipments.

Pro tip: Use a LEFT JOIN from shipments to defects to avoid dropping carriers with zero defects, and consider using a CTE for readability and to filter dates early for performance.

1. Clarify requirements and schema

Ask about the table structures (e.g., shipment_id, carrier_id, defect_id, dates) and confirm the exact definition of defect rate (defects per shipment, not per package).

2. Filter to last 30 days

Apply a date filter to both shipments and defects to only include records from the last 30 days, using the appropriate date column (e.g., shipment_date, defect_date).

3. Aggregate shipments and defects by carrier

Use CTEs or subqueries to count total shipments and total defects per carrier, ensuring defects are counted only for shipments within the same period.

4. Join and compute defect rate

Join the aggregated results on carrier, using a LEFT JOIN from shipments to defects to include carriers with zero defects, and calculate defect_rate = defects / shipments, handling division by zero.

5. Validate and format output

Check for edge cases (e.g., carriers with no shipments), round the defect rate appropriately, and present the final result sorted by carrier or defect rate.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use of LEFT JOIN to include carriers with zero defects
  • Filtering both tables to the last 30 days using date functions (e.g., DATE_SUB(CURRENT_DATE, INTERVAL 30 DAY))
  • Handling division by zero with NULLIF or CASE statements
  • Using CTEs for readability and performance
  • Ensuring defects are only counted for shipments within the same time window
  • Considering whether to count distinct shipments or all shipment records

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Extend the defect rate query to show the week-over-week percentage change in defect rate per carrier using window functions.

Product Analytics & MetricsData Modeling
Author's notes

This is where I fumbled.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the base query that calculates weekly defect rate per carrier, then use the LAG window function partitioned by carrier and ordered by week to get the previous week's rate. Compute the percentage change as (current_rate - previous_rate) / previous_rate * 100, and handle edge cases like nulls or zero denominators.

Pro tip: Mention that you would validate the results by checking a few carriers manually and consider using NULLIF to avoid division by zero, showing attention to data quality and robustness.

1. Define the base query

Write a subquery or CTE that aggregates defect counts and total shipments per carrier per week, then calculates the defect rate as defects divided by total shipments.

2. Apply window function

Use LAG(defect_rate) OVER (PARTITION BY carrier ORDER BY week) to retrieve the previous week's defect rate for each carrier.

3. Calculate percentage change

Compute the week-over-week percentage change using the formula: (current_rate - previous_rate) / previous_rate * 100. Use NULLIF or CASE to handle division by zero.

4. Handle edge cases

Decide how to treat the first week (no previous week) and weeks with zero previous defect rate. Consider returning NULL or 0 for these cases and document the choice.

5. Present and validate

Show the final query, explain the output columns, and mention how you would validate the results, such as spot-checking a few carriers or comparing with manual calculations.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use of window functions like LAG to access previous row values without self-joins.
  • Partitioning by carrier and ordering by week to ensure correct comparison within each carrier.
  • Calculation of defect rate as defects / total shipments, ensuring proper aggregation before window function.
  • Handling of division by zero using NULLIF or CASE to avoid errors.
  • Treatment of the first week where no previous data exists (e.g., NULL or 0).
  • Validation of results through manual checks or sanity tests.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Identify the top 3 origin-destination lanes with the highest count of 'Damaged' defects in the past quarter.

Product Analytics & MetricsRoot Cause Analysis
Author's notes

Easiest of the three honestly.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the data sources and definitions: what constitutes a 'Damaged' defect, how origin-destination lanes are identified, and the time frame for 'past quarter'. Then outline a SQL or Python approach to filter defects, group by lane, count, and rank to get the top 3. Finally, discuss how you would validate and present the results, including any caveats.

Pro tip: Mention that you would check for data completeness and potential biases, such as missing lane information or inconsistent defect coding, and propose a quick sanity check by comparing with overall defect rates. This shows you think about data quality and business impact, not just the query.

1. Clarify the question

Ask clarifying questions to ensure you understand the exact defect type, time range, and lane definition. Confirm whether 'past quarter' means the last complete quarter or trailing 90 days.

2. Identify data sources

Determine which tables contain defect records, shipment details, and lane information. Understand how to join them and filter for 'Damaged' defects.

3. Write the query

Construct a SQL query that filters defects by type and date, groups by origin-destination lane, counts occurrences, and orders descending to get top 3.

4. Validate and interpret

Check for data anomalies, missing values, or outliers. Consider if the top lanes are statistically significant and if there are any confounding factors.

5. Communicate results

Present the top 3 lanes with counts, and suggest next steps such as root cause analysis or operational improvements.

Key Points to Mention

  • Definition of 'Damaged' defect and how it's coded in the data
  • Time frame: past quarter (clarify exact dates)
  • Lane definition: origin-destination pair, possibly using facility IDs or zip codes
  • SQL techniques: filtering, grouping, counting, ordering, limiting
  • Data quality checks: missing lanes, duplicate records, inconsistent defect types
  • Business impact: why these lanes matter and potential actions

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.