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Amazon·Machine Learning Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
Jul 2026

Summary

Amazon ML Engineer interview with a tree-traversal problem dressed up as an org chart question. Clean problem statement but the tie-breaking rule is the kind of thing that'll burn you if you're not paying attention.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given a company org chart represented as a list of employee records (each with an id, name, salary, and manager_id), find the manager whose team of all direct and indirect reports has the highest average salary. Break ties by returning the smaller id. Return -1 if no managers exist.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

The core traversal isn't the hard part.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Build a tree from the employee records and compute each manager's team average salary by aggregating salaries of all direct and indirect reports. Use a post-order traversal to compute subtree sums and counts, then evaluate averages for all managers, handling ties by smaller id. Return -1 if no managers exist.

Pro tip: Clarify whether the manager's own salary is included in the team average—typically it's not, but confirming shows attention to detail. Also, mention that you'd handle large datasets by avoiding recursion depth issues with an iterative approach or increasing recursion limit.

1. Clarify and Validate Input

Confirm the definition of 'team' (direct and indirect reports only, excluding the manager) and edge cases like no managers, single employee, or multiple roots. Validate that the input forms a valid tree (no cycles, all manager_ids exist).

2. Build the Tree Structure

Create an adjacency list mapping each manager to their direct reports. Identify all managers (nodes with at least one report) and the root(s) of the tree.

3. Compute Subtree Aggregates

Perform a post-order traversal (DFS or BFS) to compute for each node the total salary and count of all descendants. This can be done recursively or iteratively to avoid stack overflow.

4. Calculate Averages and Find Maximum

For each manager, compute the average salary of their team (total descendant salary / descendant count). Track the manager with the highest average, breaking ties by smaller id.

5. Return Result and Discuss Complexity

Return the manager's id or -1 if no managers. Analyze time and space complexity: O(n) time and O(n) space for the tree and aggregates.

Key Points to Mention

  • Tree traversal (DFS/BFS) and post-order aggregation
  • Handling edge cases: no managers, single employee, multiple roots, invalid input
  • Time and space complexity analysis (O(n) time, O(n) space)
  • Tie-breaking logic: compare averages and then smaller id
  • Avoiding recursion depth issues with iterative traversal or tail recursion
  • Clarifying whether manager's own salary is included in the average

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.