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Meta·Machine Learning Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
Apr 2026

Summary

Meta MLE interview that was basically a compiler/static analysis problem dressed up as a coding question. You parse three-address code, compute time cost from operator weights, and simulate live ranges to get peak memory. More interesting than I expected, but the edge cases section at the end is where things got uncomfortable.

Questions Asked (3)

Q1

Given a file of three-address-code instructions, implement a function that returns both the total time cost (based on operator weights) and the peak memory cost (based on simulated variable live ranges).

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

The time cost part was fine, just scan each line and accumulate operator costs.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, parse the three-address code into a structured representation, then compute the total cost by summing operator weights. For peak memory, simulate variable live ranges by tracking definitions and uses, then compute the maximum number of simultaneously live variables.

Pro tip: Clarify assumptions about operator weights and live range semantics early, and mention that the memory simulation can be done in a single pass using a live set with reference counting.

1. Parse the instructions

Read the file and parse each three-address code instruction into a structured format (e.g., opcode, operands, result). Handle different instruction types (binary ops, assignments, etc.).

2. Compute total time cost

For each instruction, look up the operator weight from a given table (or assume default weights) and sum them to get the total time cost.

3. Determine variable live ranges

Perform liveness analysis: for each variable, find the first definition and last use. Alternatively, simulate execution by tracking when variables become live (defined) and dead (last use).

4. Simulate peak memory

Iterate through instructions in order, maintaining a set of live variables. At each step, add newly defined variables and remove variables whose last use has passed. Track the maximum size of this set.

5. Return results

Return the total time cost and peak memory cost as a tuple or object.

Key Points to Mention

  • Parsing three-address code: handle different instruction formats (e.g., x = y op z, x = y, etc.)
  • Operator weights: assume a given mapping or define a default (e.g., arithmetic ops cost 1, memory ops cost more)
  • Liveness analysis: compute live-in and live-out sets per instruction, or use a simpler first-def to last-use approach
  • Peak memory simulation: use a live set with reference counting to efficiently add/remove variables
  • Edge cases: variables used before definition, multiple definitions, and instructions with no result
  • Time and space complexity: parsing O(n), cost O(n), liveness O(n) with efficient data structures

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

How would you handle edge cases like constant folding, repeated operands on the same line, and dead code in this instruction parser?

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I fumbled the dead code part a little.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the parser's role and the specific edge cases, then propose a multi-pass approach that separates parsing from optimization. For each edge case, describe detection and handling strategies, emphasizing correctness, performance, and trade-offs.

Pro tip: Mention that while optimizations like constant folding and dead code elimination improve performance, they must not alter program semantics; always validate with tests and consider using established compiler frameworks.

1. Clarify requirements and scope

Ask about the parser's purpose, input format, and performance constraints to tailor your approach. Confirm whether the edge cases are to be handled during parsing or in a separate optimization pass.

2. Design a multi-pass architecture

Propose a pipeline: parse to an intermediate representation (IR), then run optimization passes. This separation simplifies handling edge cases and improves maintainability.

3. Handle constant folding

Detect constant expressions during IR construction or in a dedicated pass, evaluate them at compile time, and replace them with computed values. Ensure type correctness and avoid overflow issues.

4. Address repeated operands and dead code

For repeated operands, use common subexpression elimination (CSE) or local value numbering. For dead code, perform liveness analysis and remove instructions whose results are unused or unreachable.

5. Validate and iterate

Write unit tests for each edge case, measure performance impact, and ensure optimizations preserve semantics. Be prepared to discuss trade-offs like compilation time vs. runtime gains.

Key Points to Mention

  • Intermediate representation (IR) to decouple parsing from optimization
  • Constant folding: evaluate constant expressions at compile time
  • Common subexpression elimination (CSE) for repeated operands
  • Dead code elimination via liveness analysis and reachability
  • Correctness: optimizations must preserve program semantics
  • Performance trade-offs: compilation time vs. runtime efficiency

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

How would you extend this solution to support multi-operator expressions if the parser were upgraded to handle them?

System DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

Honestly a bit of a curveball at the end.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

First, clarify the current solution's architecture and the parser's role in producing the expression tree. Then, propose a generalized evaluation strategy that handles arbitrary operators by leveraging operator precedence and associativity, and discuss how to extend the evaluator to support multi-operator expressions without major refactoring.

Pro tip: Emphasize that the parser upgrade should produce an AST that the evaluator can traverse generically, and mention that this separation of concerns makes the system extensible and maintainable. Also, highlight the importance of testing edge cases like operator precedence and short-circuit evaluation.

1. Clarify Current Architecture

Briefly describe the existing solution: how expressions are parsed and evaluated, and what limitations exist for multi-operator expressions.

2. Define Multi-Operator Support

Explain what multi-operator means: expressions with multiple different operators (e.g., +, -, *, /) and possibly parentheses, requiring precedence and associativity handling.

3. Propose Parser Upgrade

Suggest upgrading the parser to build an abstract syntax tree (AST) that respects operator precedence and associativity, possibly using a Pratt parser or shunting-yard algorithm.

4. Extend Evaluator

Describe how to modify the evaluator to recursively evaluate the AST, dispatching on node types (operator nodes, operand nodes) and applying the correct operation.

5. Discuss Trade-offs and Testing

Mention trade-offs like performance overhead, complexity, and the need for comprehensive tests covering precedence, associativity, and error handling.

Key Points to Mention

  • Operator precedence and associativity rules
  • Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) representation
  • Recursive evaluation or visitor pattern
  • Separation of parsing and evaluation concerns
  • Extensibility for adding new operators
  • Testing strategies for correctness and edge cases

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.