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Reddit·Machine Learning Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
Apr 2026

Summary

ML theory round at Reddit for an MLE role. Three questions, all conceptual, no coding. The distribution plot one was the kind of thing that sounds easy until you're actually staring at it and second-guessing yourself.

Questions Asked (3)

Q1

Given two variables x and y, how would you model their relationship and why?

Data ModelingTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

Open-ended enough that I rambled a bit before landing anywhere useful.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the goal: are we predicting y from x, understanding association, or causal inference? Then discuss exploratory data analysis (scatter plots, correlation) and propose a modeling approach (e.g., linear regression, splines, tree-based) justified by assumptions and trade-offs. Emphasize validation and iteration.

Pro tip: Mention that you would first check for confounding variables and consider whether the relationship is causal or just predictive, as this shows maturity beyond just fitting a model.

1. Clarify the Objective

Ask whether the goal is prediction, inference, or causal effect. This determines the choice of model and evaluation metrics.

2. Explore the Data

Visualize the relationship with scatter plots and compute correlation. Check for non-linearity, outliers, and heteroscedasticity.

3. Choose a Model

Start simple: linear regression if linear trend seems plausible. If not, consider polynomial, splines, or tree-based models. Justify based on interpretability vs. flexibility.

4. Validate and Iterate

Use cross-validation to assess performance. Check residual plots and adjust model if assumptions are violated. Consider regularization if overfitting.

5. Communicate Trade-offs

Explain why you chose the model, its assumptions, and limitations. Discuss alternative approaches and when they might be better.

Key Points to Mention

  • Correlation does not imply causation; consider confounding variables.
  • Linear regression assumptions: linearity, independence, homoscedasticity, normality of residuals.
  • Non-linear relationships: polynomial regression, splines, generalized additive models (GAMs).
  • Tree-based models (random forest, gradient boosting) for complex interactions without strong assumptions.
  • Model evaluation: R-squared, RMSE, cross-validation, residual analysis.
  • Trade-off between interpretability and predictive power.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

You're shown a plot with two overlapping distributions. What do you think is going on, and what would you do about it?

Root Cause AnalysisData Modeling
Author's notes

I blanked for a second on whether they wanted a stats answer or an ML pipeline answer.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by describing what you observe in the plot, then hypothesize possible causes for the overlap, and finally outline a systematic plan to investigate and address the issue. Emphasize that the right action depends on the context and goal, and propose concrete next steps such as data validation, model diagnostics, or business alignment.

Pro tip: Always tie your analysis back to the business impact and the specific ML problem—interviewers at Reddit want to see that you can prioritize actions that improve user experience or key metrics, not just technical fixes.

1. Describe the plot

State what you see: two distributions overlapping, noting their shapes, central tendencies, spread, and the degree of overlap. Avoid jumping to conclusions.

2. Generate hypotheses

List plausible reasons for the overlap, such as data leakage, label noise, class imbalance, feature scaling issues, or a mixture of subpopulations. Consider both data and model-related causes.

3. Prioritize and investigate

Rank hypotheses by likelihood and impact, then propose specific diagnostics (e.g., check data pipeline, analyze subgroups, evaluate model calibration) to confirm or rule out each.

4. Propose actions

Based on the root cause, suggest concrete steps: data cleaning, feature engineering, model retraining, threshold tuning, or collecting more data. Tie actions to business goals.

5. Validate and monitor

Outline how you would validate the fix (e.g., A/B test, offline metrics) and set up monitoring to detect recurrence.

Key Points to Mention

  • Data leakage or contamination between training and validation sets
  • Label noise or mislabeled examples causing distribution overlap
  • Class imbalance or mixture of subpopulations (e.g., different user segments)
  • Feature scaling or normalization issues affecting model outputs
  • Model calibration and threshold selection for decision-making
  • Business context: how the overlap impacts key metrics like CTR or user engagement

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

How would you handle cold-start problems for both new users and new items in a recommendation system?

System DesignProduct Sense & Ideation
Author's notes

This one felt more grounded.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the two distinct cold-start scenarios—new users and new items—and their impact on Reddit's recommendation quality. Then outline a multi-pronged strategy that leverages content-based signals, exploration, and transfer learning, while balancing short-term engagement with long-term personalization. Finally, discuss evaluation metrics and iterative improvements.

Pro tip: Emphasize the importance of exploration-exploitation trade-offs and how you would measure the success of cold-start strategies using online metrics like CTR and dwell time, not just offline metrics.

1. Define the problem and constraints

Clarify what constitutes a cold-start in Reddit's context (e.g., new users with no history, new posts with no interactions) and discuss the scale and latency requirements.

2. Leverage content and metadata

For new items, use content-based features (text, images, subreddit, author) to generate embeddings and match with user profiles. For new users, use onboarding signals (e.g., selected interests, demographics) to bootstrap recommendations.

3. Apply exploration and transfer learning

Use multi-armed bandits or Thompson sampling to explore new items efficiently. For new users, transfer knowledge from similar users via meta-learning or clustering to provide initial recommendations.

4. Design a hybrid system with fallbacks

Combine collaborative filtering with content-based methods, and have fallback strategies like popularity-based recommendations or trending content when signals are sparse.

5. Evaluate and iterate

Define offline and online metrics (e.g., coverage, diversity, CTR, dwell time) and set up A/B tests to measure the effectiveness of cold-start strategies, iterating based on results.

Key Points to Mention

  • Content-based filtering using item metadata (title, subreddit, author, etc.) and user onboarding data
  • Exploration techniques like multi-armed bandits or epsilon-greedy to gather feedback on new items
  • Transfer learning and meta-learning to leverage data from similar users or items
  • Hybrid recommendation systems combining collaborative and content-based approaches
  • Fallback strategies such as popularity or trending recommendations for extreme cold-start
  • Evaluation metrics: coverage, diversity, CTR, dwell time, and long-term user retention

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.