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Chime·Data Scientist·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Chime data scientist interview with a heavy SQL focus. Four questions built around two tables and a single e-commerce scenario, each one layering on more complexity than the last. The window functions and cohort retention parts were where things got interesting.

Questions Asked (4)

Q1

Given a table of user acquisitions with channel and date, write a query to return each acquisition channel alongside the count of distinct users acquired through it.

Product Analytics & MetricsData Modeling
Author's notes

Warmup question, basically.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the table schema and the definition of 'distinct users' (e.g., user_id). Then write a SQL query that groups by channel and counts distinct user IDs, using COUNT(DISTINCT user_id). Finally, discuss potential edge cases like null channels or duplicate records.

Pro tip: Mention that COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) can be expensive on large datasets, and suggest alternatives like using a subquery with GROUP BY user_id, channel first, or leveraging approximate distinct counts if exactness isn't critical.

1. Clarify the schema and requirements

Ask about the table name, columns (e.g., user_id, channel, date), and whether 'distinct users' means unique user_id per channel. Confirm if there are any filters (e.g., date range) or if all data should be included.

2. Write the core SQL query

Use SELECT channel, COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) AS user_count FROM acquisitions GROUP BY channel. Ensure the query returns one row per channel with the distinct user count.

3. Consider performance and scalability

Discuss how COUNT(DISTINCT) can be slow on large tables. Suggest optimizations like pre-aggregating in a subquery (SELECT channel, COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT channel, user_id FROM acquisitions) GROUP BY channel) or using approximate functions if acceptable.

4. Handle edge cases and data quality

Address null channels (e.g., COALESCE or filter out), duplicate records (if user_id can appear multiple times per channel, COUNT(DISTINCT) handles it), and whether to include channels with zero users (use LEFT JOIN if needed).

5. Validate and interpret results

Mention checking the output for sanity (e.g., total distinct users across channels should equal total distinct users overall if each user is acquired through one channel). Discuss how this metric informs channel performance.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) to count unique users per channel.
  • Group by channel to aggregate counts.
  • Consider performance implications of COUNT(DISTINCT) on large datasets.
  • Handle NULL values in channel column appropriately.
  • Validate that the sum of distinct users per channel matches total distinct users if each user has one acquisition channel.
  • Discuss whether to include channels with zero acquisitions (requires LEFT JOIN from a channels dimension table).

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

For each acquisition channel, rank users by their total cumulative spend and return the top three spenders per channel along with their totals.

Product Analytics & MetricsData Modeling
Author's notes

This is where I started sweating a little.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the data model: identify the user, channel, and transaction tables, and confirm whether 'acquisition channel' is a user attribute or event-level. Then write a SQL query that aggregates total spend per user per channel, ranks users within each channel using a window function, and filters to the top 3 per channel.

Pro tip: Mention that you would validate the results by checking for ties and deciding on a tie-breaking rule (e.g., earliest acquisition date or highest single transaction) to ensure deterministic output. Also, discuss how you would handle users with multiple acquisition channels, if applicable.

1. Clarify requirements and data model

Ask questions to understand the schema: which tables contain user, channel, and transaction data; how acquisition channel is defined; and whether spend is cumulative over all time or a specific period.

2. Aggregate spend per user per channel

Write a subquery or CTE that joins users to transactions and groups by user and channel, summing the transaction amounts to get total spend per user per channel.

3. Rank users within each channel

Use a window function like ROW_NUMBER() or RANK() partitioned by channel and ordered by total spend descending to assign a rank to each user within their channel.

4. Filter to top 3 per channel

Wrap the ranked query in an outer query and filter where rank <= 3, then select channel, user, and total spend, ordering by channel and rank.

5. Validate and handle edge cases

Check for ties, decide on tie-breaking logic, and consider if any channels have fewer than 3 users. Also, verify that the totals are correct by spot-checking.

Key Points to Mention

  • Use of window functions (e.g., ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK) for ranking within groups.
  • Handling ties: choose RANK or DENSE_RANK if ties should be included, or ROW_NUMBER for a strict top 3.
  • Data model considerations: join keys, grain of transactions, and whether channel is at user or transaction level.
  • Performance: filtering before ranking if possible, and indexing on channel and user.
  • Edge cases: channels with fewer than 3 users, users with no spend, and multiple channels per user.
  • Validation: cross-check totals with a separate aggregation and ensure deterministic ordering.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Build a monthly cohort retention table showing, for each acquisition month, what percentage of users made at least one purchase in any month after their acquisition month.

Product Analytics & MetricsA/B Testing & ExperimentationData Modeling
Author's notes

Probably the hardest of the four.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by defining the acquisition month for each user as the month of their first purchase, then for each subsequent month, determine whether the user made at least one purchase. Aggregate these binary indicators by acquisition month and month offset to compute retention rates, ensuring to handle users who have not yet reached a given offset (right-censoring) appropriately.

Pro tip: Clarify whether retention should be measured based on any purchase after acquisition or only in consecutive months, and explicitly state how you handle users with no purchases after acquisition—they should be included in the denominator for all months to avoid inflated retention rates.

1. Define acquisition cohort

For each user, identify their acquisition month as the month of their first purchase. This creates a cohort assignment for every user.

2. Identify active months

For each user and each month after acquisition, flag whether they made at least one purchase in that month. This yields a binary activity indicator per user per month offset.

3. Aggregate by cohort and month offset

Group by acquisition month and month offset (e.g., 1, 2, 3...), and compute the percentage of users in the cohort who were active in that month. The denominator is the total number of users in the cohort.

4. Handle censoring and edge cases

For months where some users have not yet had the opportunity to be active (e.g., acquisition month is recent), decide whether to exclude those users or mark as not yet observable. Clearly document this choice.

5. Format and present the table

Structure the final table with acquisition months as rows and month offsets as columns, showing retention percentages. Optionally include cohort sizes for context.

Key Points to Mention

  • Cohort definition: acquisition month based on first purchase date.
  • Retention metric: percentage of users with at least one purchase in a given month after acquisition.
  • Denominator: total users in the acquisition cohort, including those who never purchase again.
  • Month offset calculation: difference in months between acquisition month and activity month.
  • Handling of right-censoring: users in recent cohorts may not have data for later months.
  • Potential need to exclude the acquisition month itself from retention calculation (since retention is for months after acquisition).

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q4

Within 90 days of each user's acquisition date, compute the average revenue per user broken down by acquisition channel, then identify which channel has the highest ARPU in that window.

Product Analytics & MetricsData Modeling
Author's notes

DATE_DIFF between transaction_date and acquire_date, filter to <= 90, SUM per user, then AVG per channel.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the business context and data definitions first, then outline a SQL-based approach that joins user acquisition data with revenue events, filters to the first 90 days per user, aggregates revenue per user, and computes average revenue per user (ARPU) by channel. Finally, rank channels by ARPU to identify the highest.

Pro tip: Mention that you would validate the 90-day window using user-level cohort analysis and check for data completeness, as missing revenue events can skew ARPU. Also, consider whether to include users with zero revenue, as this impacts the average.

1. Clarify requirements and definitions

Confirm what 'revenue' includes (e.g., transactions, subscriptions), how to handle refunds, and whether to include users with zero revenue. Define the 90-day window as inclusive of acquisition date or not.

2. Identify data sources and schema

Locate tables for user acquisition (user_id, acquisition_date, channel) and revenue events (user_id, event_date, revenue_amount). Ensure you can join them on user_id.

3. Filter revenue to first 90 days per user

For each user, select revenue events where event_date is between acquisition_date and acquisition_date + 90 days. Sum revenue per user to get total revenue per user in the window.

4. Compute ARPU by acquisition channel

Join the per-user revenue back to the acquisition channel, then group by channel and calculate average revenue per user (total revenue / number of users in that channel).

5. Rank channels and identify highest ARPU

Order the channels by ARPU descending and select the top channel. Optionally, include statistical significance or confidence intervals if the dataset is large.

Key Points to Mention

  • Define the 90-day window precisely (e.g., acquisition_date <= event_date < acquisition_date + 90 days).
  • Handle users with no revenue events: include them as zero revenue to avoid overestimating ARPU.
  • Use SQL window functions or self-joins to filter revenue events within the 90-day window per user.
  • Consider data quality issues: missing acquisition dates, duplicate revenue events, or refunds.
  • Segment by acquisition channel and compute ARPU as SUM(revenue)/COUNT(DISTINCT user_id).
  • Validate results with sanity checks, such as comparing overall ARPU to known benchmarks.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.