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Shopify·Machine Learning Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

IntermediatePrefer not to say
Jul 2026Remote

Summary

Shopify ML engineer interview that turned out to be a pure coding exercise, which I wasn't really expecting. The main problem was a robot simulator on a 2D grid, and they pushed pretty hard on follow-ups about obstacles and multi-robot coordination.

Questions Asked (3)

Q1

Design and implement a 2D robot simulator. The robot lives on a finite grid and accepts commands: PLACE (with coordinates and a facing direction), MOVE, LEFT, RIGHT, and REPORT. Build a clean Robot class with a CLI loop, and write unit tests. Any command that would push the robot off the grid should be silently ignored.

Algorithms & Data StructuresSystem DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I started with the state representation and got a bit too deep into enum choices for direction before writing any actual logic.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and edge cases, then design a clean Robot class with clear separation of concerns (state, command parsing, execution). Implement the CLI loop and unit tests, emphasizing testability and extensibility. Discuss trade-offs and potential ML integrations to align with the role.

Pro tip: Demonstrate test-driven development by writing tests for edge cases (e.g., invalid PLACE, boundary moves) before implementation. Also, mention how you would structure the code to easily add new commands or adapt to different grid sizes, showing foresight for maintainability.

1. Clarify Requirements and Edge Cases

Ask questions to confirm grid size, command syntax, and behavior for invalid commands. Identify edge cases like placing outside grid, moving off edge, and initial state before PLACE.

2. Design the Robot Class

Define a Robot class with attributes (x, y, facing) and methods for each command. Ensure methods handle boundary checks and ignore invalid moves. Consider using an enum for directions.

3. Implement CLI Loop and Command Parser

Create a loop that reads commands from stdin, parses them (e.g., PLACE X,Y,FACING), and invokes corresponding Robot methods. Handle invalid input gracefully.

4. Write Unit Tests

Write tests covering all commands, edge cases (e.g., move at boundary, invalid place), and sequences. Use a testing framework like pytest or unittest.

5. Discuss Trade-offs and Extensions

Talk about design choices (e.g., immutable vs mutable state, command pattern) and how to extend for ML (e.g., logging states for RL, adding sensors).

Key Points to Mention

  • Separation of concerns: Robot class handles state and logic, CLI handles I/O, parser handles command interpretation.
  • Boundary checking: MOVE should check if new position is within grid; if not, ignore.
  • Initial state: Robot is not placed until a valid PLACE command; commands before PLACE are ignored.
  • Testability: Use dependency injection for grid size, mock input/output for CLI tests.
  • Extensibility: Use command pattern or strategy pattern to easily add new commands.
  • ML relevance: Simulator can be used for reinforcement learning environments; logging states and actions for training.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q2

Extend the simulator to support obstacles placed on the grid. The robot must not be able to move into a cell that contains an obstacle.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

Easier than I expected once the base class was solid.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the requirements: obstacle representation, collision semantics, and whether obstacles are static or dynamic. Then propose a clean design that separates obstacle management from movement logic, and discuss trade-offs between different data structures and collision detection strategies. Finally, outline how you would test and extend the solution.

Pro tip: Demonstrate foresight by discussing how your design would handle dynamic obstacles or multiple robots, and mention the importance of keeping the obstacle logic decoupled from the robot's movement to facilitate future extensions.

1. Clarify Requirements

Ask about obstacle representation (e.g., list of coordinates, grid with flags), whether obstacles are static or dynamic, and if there are constraints on obstacle placement (e.g., not on robot's start).

2. Design Data Structures

Choose an efficient way to store obstacles, such as a set of coordinates for O(1) lookup, or a 2D boolean array if the grid is dense. Discuss memory vs. speed trade-offs.

3. Integrate with Movement Logic

Modify the robot's move method to check if the target cell contains an obstacle before moving. Ensure the check is centralized to avoid duplication.

4. Handle Edge Cases

Consider scenarios like obstacles at the grid boundary, robot starting on an obstacle (if allowed), and attempts to move into an obstacle (e.g., ignore move, raise error, or log).

5. Test and Validate

Write unit tests for movement with obstacles, including cases where the robot is blocked, can navigate around, and when no obstacles are present.

Key Points to Mention

  • Obstacle representation: set of coordinates vs. 2D array, and trade-offs (memory, lookup speed).
  • Collision detection: checking target cell before moving, and handling the outcome (e.g., no-op, exception).
  • Separation of concerns: keeping obstacle logic separate from robot movement for maintainability.
  • Extensibility: designing for dynamic obstacles or multiple robots without major refactoring.
  • Testing strategy: unit tests for blocked moves, pathfinding around obstacles, and edge cases.
  • Performance considerations: if the grid is large, using a hash set for obstacles; if dense, a bitmask or boolean array.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.

Q3

Further extend the simulator to support two or more robots operating on the same grid, taking turns issuing commands, with the constraint that robots cannot collide with each other.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offsAlgorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

This is where I started to feel the pressure.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the requirements: number of robots, turn order, collision definition, and grid size. Then propose a design that extends the existing simulator with a turn manager and collision detection, discussing trade-offs between different collision resolution strategies. Finally, outline the algorithm and data structures needed, and consider edge cases and scalability.

Pro tip: Demonstrate awareness of real-world multi-agent systems by discussing how collision handling affects path planning and whether robots can communicate or need decentralized coordination. This shows you think beyond the immediate coding task.

1. Clarify Requirements

Ask about the number of robots, turn order (e.g., round-robin), collision definition (same cell, swapping positions), and whether robots can occupy the same cell at different times. Confirm if the grid size is fixed or dynamic.

2. Design Turn Management

Introduce a turn manager that cycles through robots, allowing each to issue one command per turn. Ensure commands are validated against the current state before execution.

3. Implement Collision Detection

Before executing a move, check if the target cell is occupied by another robot. Also check for swap collisions where two robots exchange positions. Decide on a policy: reject the move, delay, or replan.

4. Choose Data Structures

Use a dictionary mapping robot IDs to positions for O(1) collision checks. Maintain a set of occupied cells for quick lookup. Consider a priority queue if turn order is based on some priority.

5. Discuss Trade-offs and Extensions

Compare centralized vs decentralized collision avoidance. Discuss scalability with many robots, potential deadlocks, and how to handle simultaneous commands if turns are relaxed.

Key Points to Mention

  • Turn-based execution model with a clear order (e.g., round-robin).
  • Collision detection: check target cell occupancy and swap collisions.
  • Collision resolution policies: reject move, wait, or replan.
  • Data structures: position map and occupied set for O(1) checks.
  • Scalability considerations: number of robots, grid size, and potential deadlocks.
  • Trade-offs between centralized control and decentralized coordination.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.