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TikTok·Machine Learning Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
May 2026

Summary

TikTok ML engineer interview with a classic backtracking problem. Nothing too surprising but the n-queens problem always has more edge cases than you remember until you're actually coding it under pressure.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given an n x n chessboard, place n queens such that no two queens share the same row, column, or diagonal. Return all valid board configurations, where each is represented as a list of n strings using 'Q' for a queen and '.' for an empty cell.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

I knew immediately it was n-queens but knowing the name and actually coding it cleanly are two different things.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Use backtracking to place queens row by row, maintaining sets for columns and diagonals to ensure O(1) validity checks. At each row, try each column, and if safe, place a queen and recurse; when a solution is found, convert the board to the required string format and add to results.

Pro tip: Emphasize the use of bitmasking to represent columns and diagonals for optimal performance, and mention that the time complexity is O(n!) but pruning makes it efficient for n ≤ 9. Also, note that the problem is a classic example of constraint satisfaction and can be related to ML hyperparameter tuning.

1. Clarify and Define

Confirm the input size constraints and output format. Discuss potential edge cases like n=1 or n=0.

2. Choose Data Structures

Use sets or bitmasks to track occupied columns, diagonals (row+col), and anti-diagonals (row-col). This allows O(1) checks for queen placement.

3. Implement Backtracking

Recursively place queens row by row. For each row, iterate over columns, check if safe, place queen, recurse to next row, then backtrack.

4. Format and Return Results

When a solution is found (row == n), convert the board state to a list of strings with 'Q' and '.', and add to the results list.

5. Analyze Complexity and Optimize

Discuss time complexity O(n!) and space O(n). Mention optimizations like bitmasking and symmetry reduction if needed.

Key Points to Mention

  • Backtracking algorithm with pruning
  • Use of sets or bitmasks for O(1) conflict checks
  • Time complexity O(n!) and space complexity O(n)
  • Handling of diagonals using row+col and row-col
  • Conversion of board state to required string format
  • Potential optimizations like symmetry reduction or bit manipulation

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.