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Upstart·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

IntermediateRejected
Jun 2026

Summary

Coding round for a software engineer role at Upstart. One parsing problem involving robots.txt-style file processing. Didn't pass all the test cases, so take my interpretation of the problem with a grain of salt.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given a file represented as a List<String> where each string is a line, parse it to find all unique, case-sensitive URLs listed under 'Disallow:' for each section that begins with a 'User-agent:' header.

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

The core logic wasn't too bad to reason through but I fumbled the edge cases.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the input format and assumptions, then propose a single-pass line-by-line parser that tracks the current User-agent section and collects Disallow URLs into a set for uniqueness. Discuss edge cases like multiple User-agent lines, comments, whitespace, and case sensitivity, and analyze time/space complexity.

Pro tip: Mention that you would confirm whether 'User-agent:' lines can appear multiple times before a single set of rules, as this affects whether you need to merge or reset the current section. Also note that using a set gives O(1) average insertion and naturally handles duplicates.

1. Clarify requirements and assumptions

Ask about the exact format: are there comments, blank lines, or inline comments? Can a section have multiple User-agent lines? Are URLs case-sensitive as stated? Confirm that 'Disallow:' values are the full URL paths.

2. Design the parsing strategy

Propose a single-pass approach: iterate through each line, detect 'User-agent:' to start a new section, and when in a section, detect 'Disallow:' to extract the URL. Use a set to store unique URLs.

3. Handle edge cases and details

Address trimming whitespace, ignoring comments (lines starting with #), handling empty Disallow values, and ensuring case sensitivity. Consider if multiple User-agent lines share the same rules (common in robots.txt).

4. Analyze complexity and trade-offs

State that time complexity is O(n) where n is total characters or lines, and space is O(u) for unique URLs. Discuss using a set vs list for deduplication, and whether streaming is possible.

5. Test with examples

Walk through a small example to verify correctness, including duplicate Disallow entries and multiple sections. Mention potential pitfalls like case sensitivity and leading/trailing spaces.

Key Points to Mention

  • Single-pass parsing with state tracking for current User-agent section
  • Use of a Set (e.g., HashSet) to enforce uniqueness and O(1) average insertion
  • Case sensitivity: do not lowercase URLs; compare exactly as given
  • Handling of comments, blank lines, and whitespace trimming
  • Multiple User-agent lines may share the same rules; decide whether to merge or reset
  • Time and space complexity analysis: O(n) time, O(u) space

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.