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Openai·Machine Learning Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
Apr 2026

Summary

Technical phone screen for an ML Engineer role at OpenAI. The question was a classic 1-NN implementation, which sounds straightforward until you're live-coding and someone's watching you think about edge cases.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Implement a 1-Nearest-Neighbor classifier from scratch, including fit and predict methods. Also discuss tie-breaking, time complexity, and how you'd extend it to the general K-NN case.

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I got the core implementation down pretty fast, fit just stores the data, predict loops over training points and computes L2 distance.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the problem scope (e.g., Euclidean distance, binary vs. multiclass) and then implement a simple 1-NN classifier with fit storing training data and predict computing distances to all points. After coding, discuss tie-breaking strategies, time complexity, and how to extend to K-NN by tracking the k smallest distances and using majority vote.

Pro tip: Mention that for large datasets, using a KD-tree or Ball tree can reduce prediction time from O(n) to O(log n) on average, but note that this is an optimization beyond the basic implementation.

1. Clarify assumptions and requirements

Ask about distance metric (default Euclidean), data types (numeric features), and whether the implementation should be efficient or just correct. Confirm that fit stores training data and predict returns labels.

2. Implement 1-NN fit and predict

For fit, simply store X_train and y_train. For predict, for each test point compute distances to all training points, find the index of the minimum distance, and return the corresponding label.

3. Address tie-breaking

Discuss strategies: choose the label of the first occurrence, random choice, or use a secondary criterion like smallest sum of distances. Mention that ties are rare with continuous data but possible with discrete features.

4. Analyze time and space complexity

Fit is O(1) time and O(n*d) space. Predict is O(n*d) per query (or O(n*d) for batch). Compare to K-NN which adds O(k) for maintaining top-k, but same asymptotic complexity.

5. Extend to K-NN

Modify predict to find the k nearest neighbors (e.g., using a max-heap of size k), then take majority vote (or distance-weighted vote). Discuss handling ties in voting and choice of k.

Key Points to Mention

  • Distance metric choice (Euclidean, Manhattan, etc.) and its impact on performance.
  • Tie-breaking strategies: first occurrence, random, or distance-weighted.
  • Time complexity: fit O(1), predict O(n*d) per query; space O(n*d).
  • Extension to K-NN: maintain top-k neighbors, majority vote, distance weighting.
  • Optimizations: KD-tree, Ball tree, or approximate methods for large datasets.
  • Curse of dimensionality: K-NN degrades in high dimensions; consider dimensionality reduction.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.