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Openai·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
May 2026

Summary

Got a system design coding question for a software engineer role at OpenAI that was more layered than I expected. It started looking like a straightforward graph problem and then kept adding requirements until I was juggling snapshot semantics and a recommendation engine at the same time.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design and implement an in-memory social network that supports follow/unfollow operations, immutable point-in-time snapshots of the follow graph, snapshot-based queries, and a friends-of-friends recommendation API ranked by mutual follower count.

System DesignAlgorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

The follow/unfollow and snap parts felt manageable.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and scale, then propose a design that separates the mutable current graph from immutable snapshots. Use a versioned adjacency list with copy-on-write or persistent data structures to enable efficient snapshots, and design the recommendation API to compute mutual follower counts using snapshot data, optimizing with caching or precomputation.

Pro tip: Emphasize the trade-offs between snapshot frequency, memory usage, and query latency; propose a hybrid approach like periodic full snapshots with incremental deltas to balance cost and performance.

1. Clarify Requirements and Scale

Ask about expected number of users, follow operations per second, snapshot frequency, query patterns, and latency requirements. This informs data structure and storage choices.

2. Design Core Data Structures

Propose a versioned adjacency list where each node's followers/followees are stored with timestamps or version numbers. Use persistent data structures (e.g., immutable maps) or copy-on-write for snapshots.

3. Implement Snapshot Mechanism

Describe how to create point-in-time snapshots efficiently: either full copy (if scale allows), or using persistent data structures that share structure, or logging changes and replaying to a snapshot version.

4. Design Recommendation API

Outline an algorithm to find friends-of-friends and rank by mutual follower count. Use the snapshot to compute intersections of followee sets, and optimize with caching or precomputed counts for frequent queries.

5. Discuss Trade-offs and Optimizations

Compare approaches: memory vs. snapshot speed, query latency vs. consistency. Suggest optimizations like incremental snapshots, lazy evaluation, or approximate counts for large scale.

Key Points to Mention

  • Persistent data structures (e.g., immutable maps, copy-on-write) for efficient snapshots
  • Versioning or timestamping of edges to support point-in-time queries
  • Trade-offs between full snapshots and incremental deltas (memory vs. speed)
  • Algorithm for friends-of-friends: set intersection of followees, then count mutual followers
  • Caching or precomputation of mutual follower counts for frequent recommendation queries
  • Concurrency control for follow/unfollow operations during snapshot creation

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.