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Google·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Senior

Senior
May 2026

Summary

Google SWE interview that went pretty deep into a string/anagram-style problem. The follow-up chain got surprisingly granular around memory optimization and how matching logic changes once you strip redundant data from your buckets.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

After grouping words by their run-length encoding signature, do you actually need to store the character identities inside each bucket? If the bucket key already encodes which characters appear in order, can you get away with storing just the count vectors instead, and what does that mean for memory and for how you do matching?

Algorithms & Data StructuresTechnical Trade-offsSystem Design
Author's notes

This caught me mid-explanation and I had to pause.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify that the run-length encoding (RLE) signature key already captures the sequence of characters, so storing full strings in each bucket is redundant. Explain that you can store only the count vectors (run lengths) for each word, and matching reduces to comparing count vectors within the same signature bucket. Discuss the memory savings and the trade-off in matching complexity.

Pro tip: Emphasize that this optimization is only valid if the signature is a canonical representation of the character sequence; otherwise, you risk incorrect grouping. Also, mention that while memory decreases, the matching step may require comparing vectors of varying lengths, which can affect time complexity.

1. Understand the RLE signature

Explain that the RLE signature is a string like 'a2b1c3' that encodes both the characters and their run lengths. The key uniquely identifies the sequence of characters and their counts.

2. Analyze bucket storage

Point out that if the key already contains the character identities in order, storing the full words in the bucket duplicates that information. Instead, you can store only the count vectors (e.g., [2,1,3]) extracted from each word.

3. Evaluate memory impact

Discuss that storing count vectors instead of full strings reduces memory usage, especially for long words with few runs. The savings depend on the average run length and word length.

4. Adjust matching logic

Explain that matching two words now requires comparing their count vectors, not the full strings. Since they share the same signature, the character sequence is identical, so only the counts need to be compared.

5. Consider trade-offs

Mention that while memory is saved, matching may become slightly more complex because you need to compare vectors of different lengths. However, the time complexity remains O(k) where k is the number of runs, which is often smaller than the word length.

Key Points to Mention

  • RLE signature uniquely encodes character sequence and run lengths.
  • Storing only count vectors eliminates redundant character information.
  • Memory savings are proportional to the number of runs vs. word length.
  • Matching within a bucket reduces to comparing count vectors.
  • Time complexity of matching is O(number of runs), not O(word length).
  • This optimization assumes the signature is canonical and collision-free.

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.