I jumped straight to Redis sorted sets which felt right, and they didn't push back on that.
Start by clarifying requirements and scale (e.g., number of players, updates per second, read patterns), then propose a high-level architecture using a fast in-memory sorted set for global leaderboards and a separate service for friends filtering. Discuss data partitioning, consistency models, and trade-offs between accuracy and latency for real-time updates and rank queries.
Pro tip: Emphasize that leaderboards are read-heavy with occasional writes, so optimize for reads using caching and precomputed rankings; also mention that friends leaderboards can be computed on-demand by intersecting friend lists with the global leaderboard, avoiding separate storage.
Ask questions to understand the expected number of players, frequency of score updates, read/write ratio, latency requirements, and whether rank queries need to be exact or approximate. This sets the stage for design decisions.
Propose using an in-memory data store like Redis with sorted sets for the global leaderboard, and a separate service for friends leaderboards. Discuss how to handle real-time updates via a pub/sub or streaming pipeline.
Explain how to partition the leaderboard data across multiple nodes to handle scale, using techniques like consistent hashing or range partitioning. Address how to maintain a global top-10 across shards.
Describe the write path: score updates are written to a durable store (e.g., database) and then asynchronously propagated to the in-memory leaderboard. Discuss trade-offs between strong and eventual consistency.
Explain how to efficiently compute a player's rank using sorted set operations (e.g., ZREVRANK) and how to generate a friends leaderboard by fetching the player's friend list and querying their scores, possibly using a cache.
AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.