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Anthropic·Software Engineer·Onsite - System Design / Architecture·Senior

Senior
Jun 2026

Summary

Interviewed for a SWE role at Anthropic and got hit with a system design question about building a token-generation service that could handle 100k requests per second. Heavy on the infrastructure and scalability side, which I wasn't fully prepared for.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Design a scalable token-generation service for an LLM that can handle up to 100,000 requests per second.

System DesignTechnical Trade-offs
Author's notes

I started with a basic load balancer and stateless service layer, which felt right, but I fumbled when they pushed on how you'd handle token uniqueness at that throughput without a central bottleneck.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying requirements and constraints, then outline a high-level architecture that separates concerns (e.g., request handling, batching, model inference, and caching). Dive into scalability techniques like horizontal scaling, load balancing, and asynchronous processing, and discuss trade-offs between latency, throughput, and cost.

Pro tip: Emphasize the importance of batching and caching to reduce load on the model, and discuss how to handle failures gracefully with retries and circuit breakers. Also, mention the need for monitoring and autoscaling to adapt to traffic spikes.

1. Clarify Requirements

Ask about expected latency, token length, model size, and budget constraints to scope the design appropriately.

2. High-Level Architecture

Sketch a layered architecture: API gateway, load balancer, request queue, batching service, model inference cluster, and response cache.

3. Scalability Strategies

Discuss horizontal scaling of stateless components, sharding, and using a distributed queue (e.g., Kafka) to decouple request ingestion from processing.

4. Optimization Techniques

Cover dynamic batching, caching frequent prompts, model quantization, and using specialized hardware (GPUs/TPUs) to increase throughput.

5. Trade-offs and Reliability

Analyze trade-offs between latency and throughput, cost implications, and design for fault tolerance with retries, circuit breakers, and monitoring.

Key Points to Mention

  • Load balancing and horizontal scaling of stateless services
  • Dynamic batching to maximize GPU utilization and throughput
  • Caching of common prompts or responses to reduce model load
  • Asynchronous processing with message queues for backpressure handling
  • Autoscaling and monitoring to handle traffic spikes and ensure reliability
  • Trade-offs between latency, throughput, and cost in system design

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.