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Upstart·Software Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
Jun 2026

Summary

Short coding question for a Software Engineer role at Upstart. Just the one problem, nothing too wild, but it had a small gotcha worth thinking through.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Write a function called AddDrama that takes a string, replaces every period with an exclamation mark, and appends an additional exclamation mark after each such group.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Seemed trivial at first and I almost wrote a one-liner without thinking about the 'group' part.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Clarify the exact transformation: each period is replaced by an exclamation mark, and then an additional exclamation mark is appended after each such group. Walk through a concrete example to confirm understanding, then implement a straightforward string replacement followed by appending an extra exclamation mark after each replaced group. Discuss edge cases and test your solution.

Pro tip: Before coding, confirm with the interviewer whether consecutive periods should be treated as separate groups or as a single group, as this ambiguity can significantly affect the implementation. Also, mention that you would write unit tests to cover edge cases like empty strings, no periods, and multiple periods.

1. Clarify the requirements

Ask the interviewer to confirm the transformation: replace each period with an exclamation mark, then append an additional exclamation mark after each such group. Clarify how consecutive periods should be handled.

2. Work through an example

Take a sample string like 'Hello. World.' and manually apply the transformation to ensure you understand the expected output. This will help you catch any misinterpretations early.

3. Design the algorithm

Decide on a simple approach: iterate through the string, build a new string, and whenever you encounter a period, append '!!' to the result. Otherwise, append the current character.

4. Implement and test

Write clean code with meaningful variable names. Test with edge cases: empty string, string with no periods, string with multiple consecutive periods, and string starting or ending with a period.

5. Analyze complexity and discuss improvements

State the time and space complexity (O(n) time, O(n) space for the new string). Mention potential optimizations like using a StringBuilder or equivalent for efficiency in languages like Java or C#.

Key Points to Mention

  • Clarify ambiguity around consecutive periods: should each period be treated individually or as a group?
  • Use a StringBuilder or similar for efficient string manipulation in languages with immutable strings.
  • Handle edge cases: empty string, no periods, multiple consecutive periods, periods at start/end.
  • Time and space complexity: O(n) time and O(n) space for the output string.
  • Write unit tests to verify correctness, including the edge cases.
  • Consider if the function should modify the input string in place or return a new string (depending on language).

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.