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Vanta·Software Engineer·Onsite - Coding / Algorithms·Intermediate

Intermediate
Apr 2026

Summary

Vanta's coding round for the Software Engineer role had the same 'uniq' problem that keeps showing up in reports. Nothing surprising, just more of the same.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Implement a function that returns only the unique elements from a collection, similar to a 'uniq' utility.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Yep, it's the one everyone warns you about.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Start by clarifying the requirements: what type of collection, what defines uniqueness (e.g., equality, identity), and whether order matters. Then propose a solution using a hash set to track seen elements, iterating through the collection and collecting unique items. Discuss time and space complexity, and consider edge cases like empty input or unhashable elements.

Pro tip: Mention that for large datasets or streaming input, a hash set approach is optimal for O(n) time, but if memory is constrained, sorting first can reduce space to O(1) extra (though O(n log n) time). Also, clarify if the function should modify the input in-place or return a new collection.

1. Clarify requirements

Ask about the input type (list, array, stream), definition of uniqueness (value equality, custom comparator), and whether order preservation is required. Confirm if the function should return a new collection or modify in-place.

2. Choose data structures

Select a hash set to track seen elements for O(1) average lookup, and a result list to maintain order if needed. If elements are unhashable, consider sorting or using a custom equality check.

3. Outline algorithm

Iterate through the collection, check if each element is in the seen set; if not, add it to the result and the set. This yields O(n) time and O(n) space.

4. Analyze complexity and trade-offs

State time and space complexity. Discuss alternatives like sorting (O(n log n) time, O(1) extra space) or using a boolean array if the range is small. Mention stability and order preservation.

5. Handle edge cases and test

Consider empty input, all duplicates, unhashable elements, and large datasets. Walk through a small example to verify correctness.

Key Points to Mention

  • Time and space complexity of the hash set approach (O(n) time, O(n) space)
  • Order preservation: using a list to maintain original order while filtering duplicates
  • Handling unhashable elements: fallback to sorting or custom equality
  • In-place vs. new collection: implications for memory and side effects
  • Edge cases: empty input, single element, all duplicates
  • Alternative approaches: sorting, using a boolean array for small ranges, or streaming with a Bloom filter for approximate uniqueness

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.