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Bytedance·Backend Engineer·Technical Phone Screen·Intermediate

Intermediate
May 2026

Summary

Bytedance backend engineer interview with a coding round. Just the one question from what I remember, pretty standard stuff.

Questions Asked (1)

Q1

Given a string containing various bracket types, determine whether the parentheses are valid and properly matched.

Algorithms & Data Structures
Author's notes

Classic stack problem, got through it fine.

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AI HintsAI Generated

Suggested Approach

Use a stack to track opening brackets, pushing each opening bracket and popping when a matching closing bracket is encountered. At the end, the stack should be empty for the string to be valid. Handle edge cases like empty string, single bracket, and mismatched types.

Pro tip: Mention that you can early return if the string length is odd, and discuss the trade-off between using a stack (O(n) time, O(n) space) and a counter-based approach for single bracket type. Also, clarify if the input can contain other characters and how to handle them.

1. Clarify requirements and edge cases

Ask if the string can contain non-bracket characters, if only parentheses or multiple types, and confirm expected behavior for empty string. This shows attention to detail.

2. Choose data structure and algorithm

Explain that a stack is ideal because brackets must be closed in LIFO order. For single type, a counter works, but for multiple types, a stack is necessary.

3. Walk through the algorithm

Iterate through each character: if opening bracket, push onto stack; if closing bracket, check if stack is empty or top doesn't match, return false; otherwise pop. After loop, return stack is empty.

4. Analyze complexity and test

State time complexity O(n) and space O(n) worst case. Provide test cases: valid, invalid, empty, single type, mixed types, and nested.

Key Points to Mention

  • Stack data structure and LIFO principle
  • Mapping of closing brackets to opening brackets (e.g., using a hash map)
  • Edge cases: empty string, odd length, only opening or closing brackets
  • Time and space complexity analysis
  • Handling of non-bracket characters (ignore or invalid?)
  • Alternative approaches for single bracket type (counter) and why stack is better for multiple types

AI-generated suggestions, not part of the candidate's original notes. May be inaccurate — verify before relying on them.